| what is hair loss | Alopecia |
| what is the function of melanin | another skin protein, it forms a protective shield that guards the keratinocytes and nerve ending from ultraviolet light |
| what are the epidermis cells of the skin | stratum germinativum, stratum corneum, melanocytes |
| what is the definition of a keloid | an overgrowth of collagenous scar tissue at the site of a skin wound; the collagen tissues become raised, hard and shiny; the keloid can be red, pink or flesh color |
| what does sebum do | lubricates the skin and hair that covers the body; also inhibits bacterial growth |
| what should you teach a pt with type two herpes | it may still be transmitted by viral shedding even during periods of remission; frank discussion concerning safe sexual practices, including condoms, are indicated |
| what is the antibiotic for Herpes Zoster | Acyclovir, orally & IV; ideally within 72 hr of development of symptom; reduces pain and duration of the virus |
| if a staff member gets the symptoms of shingles, what should you do? | any staff who has symptoms consistent with herpes zoster should be removed from active duty; health care staff who have not received 2 doses of varicella vaccine may be contagious for 8-12 days and should be moved to another duty location away from patients |
| what should you do if a pt has impetigo? | highly contagious; interventions are aimed at the disrupting the course of the disease and preventing the spread of infection; penicillin is one of most common antibiotics; the lesions are soaked with antiseptic solution, and the dried exudates is removed with a special instrument |
| when you see a spiral fracture on an x-ray its usually associated with what type of force? | break or coil around the bone, sometimes called a torsion fracture and results from a twisting force |
| trauma severe enough to fracture the pelvis can also be injury to what | vital abdominal organs, such as the bladder, vagina, uterus, liver, spleen, intestines may also be damaged; |
| because the pelvis has a rich blood supply, a fracture can result in | extensive blood loss; as much as 1-4 liters |
| if a pt has shingles what would the pt be treated with | acyclovir |
| if a pt has shingles what should you do when giving meds | contact precaution and airborne precautions |
| in PQRST what does the "S" stand for | Severity of the signs and symptoms |
| what is accutane used for and what should you tell the pt | it reduces the sebum production and abnormal keratinization of gland ducts; women of child bearing age should receive counseling about the need for reliable methods of contraception with medication; adverse reaction is destructive effect on fetal development, depression |
| what is phantom pain | A pain felt in the area of the missing extremity as if it were still present. Phantom pain occurs because the nerve tracts that register pain in the amputated area continue to send the message to the brain; this is normal |
| When do you give Fosamax | first thing in the morning, with 6-8 oz of plain water, 30 minutes before other meds, beverages or food |
| What is systemic lupus | Is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of almost any body part. It is a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disorder that occurs when the body produces antibodies against its own cells. |
| risk factors for fat embolism | long bone and pelvic fractures, crush injuries, and hip replacement surgery; it can occur within 48 hours of the injuries |
| what is the function of the skin | aids excretion of waste products; has nerve ending tht provide sensory info r/t pain, heat&cold, touch, pressure, vibration; insulates body and protect from trauma through subq layer of fat; prevent dehydration; protect from pathogenic organisms & foreign substances; natural barrier against infections; regulate temp; synthesizes vitamin D |
| what is a butterfly rash | it occurs over the nose and cheek and along the eyelid area in 10-50% of pt with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus |
| define macule | is a flat, circumscribed area that is changed in color; <1 cm in diameter. Example: freckles, flat moles (nevi), petechiae, measles, scarlet fever |
| define papule | is an elevated, firm, circumscribed area; <1 cm in diameter. Examples: warts (verrucae), elevated moles, lichen planus. |
| define wheal | is an elevated, irregularly shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter. Example: insect bites, urticaria, allergic reaction |
| define pustule | elevate, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid; example: impetigo, acne |
| define keloid | is an irregular shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; grows beyond the boundaries of the wound; caused by excessive collagen formation during healing. Example: keloid formation after surgery. |
| define excoriation | is loss of epidermis; linear hollowed-out crusted area. Example: abrasion or scratch, scabies. |
| define fissure | linear crack or break from the epidermis; may be moist or dry; examples: athletes foot, cracks at the corner of the mouth |
| define ulcer | is loss of epidermis and dermis; concave; varies in size. Example: pressure sores, stasis ulcer. |
| define atrophy | Atrophy is thinning of skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin translucent and paper-like. Examples: striae; aged skin |
| what is the deadliest cancer | malignant cancer |
| what is the major function of the skin | the body's protector, first line of defense against infection and injury protecting the internal organs |
| what should be the goal for a pt that has lupus | relief of symptoms, remission of the disease, early alleviation of exacerbations, and prevention of untoward complications |
| a pt is getting an MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging) what do they need to remove | all metals, such as jewelry, clothing w/ metal fasteners, glasses, hair clips, and pt w/ metal prostheses such as heart valves, orthopedic screws, or cardiac pacemakers may not be allowed to undergo MRI, depending on the type of metal used |
| what metal are safe during an MRI | titanium is typically safe |
| why would a person who have been involved in an explosion, such as military personnel, be excluded from getting an MRI | due to metal shrapnel embedded in the body |
| a sensation of cold or fear causes these muscles to contract making the hair stand up right in dimpling in the skin around it is known as what | piloerection is the correct term but, commonly know as "goosebumps" or "gooseflesh" |
| define melanocytes | the cells give rise to the pigment melanin, a black or dark brown pigment occurring naturally in the hair, the skin, and the iris and choroid of the eye |
| stage 1 pressure injury is | a localized area of the skin, typically over a bony prominence, that is intact with nonblanchable redness |
| stage 2 pressure injury is | involves partial thickness loss of epidermis, it appears as a shallow open injury, usually shiny or dry with a red-pink wound bed w/out slough or brusing |
| stage 3 pressure injury is | involves full thickness tissue loss, subcutaneous fat is sometimes visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle are not exposed |
| stage 4 pressure injury is | involves full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, cartilage or muscle |
| unstageable pressure injury is | involves full thickness tissue loss, a wound base covered by slough ( yellow, tan, gray, green, brown) and eschar in the wound bed that is usually tan, brown or black |
| herpes type 1(HSV-1) | causes cold sores, often referred to as fever blisters, usually associated with febrile conditions; the infection is generally self limiting, it usually clears up by itself requiring no treatment |
| HSV-1 is characterized by what | a vesicle commonly know as a cold sore, usually erythematous and edematous ( red and swollen), it produces a burning pain when the vesicle ruptures; usually occurs after an acute illness or infection |
| a person who has previously had what virus will also get shingles | chickenpox; the varicella virus lies dormant until the persons resistance to the infection becomes lowered |
| risk factors for shingles include | suppressed immunity, aging, infection and stress |
| what does the shingle virus cause | an inflammation of the spinal ganglia and produces skin lesions of small vesicles along the peripheral nerve fibers of the spinal ganglia |
| define cellulitus | occurs when bacteria enters the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut, scratch, or insect bite that is not cleansed with soap and water; infection is usually superficial, but may spread & become life threading as the infection invades deeper tissues, lymph nodes and blood stream |
| define impetigo | a highly contagious inflammatory disorder, more common in younger children but can affect any age; lesions start as macules & develop into pustulant vesicles and then rupture and from dried exudate |
| nursing interventions for impetigo | are aimed at disrupting the course of the disease and preventing the spread of infection |
| how do you stop the disease from progressing with impetigo | antibiotics are used to arrest the disease process, systemic parenteral penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics |
| how are the lesions removed from impetigo | soaked with an antiseptic solution, and the dried exudate is removed with a special instrument |
| what is lice (pediculosis) | a parasitic disorder of the skin |
| how is pediculosis transmitted | it can occur anywhere, lice are transmitted by close contact with infected individuals or their personal items such as hats, clothing and grooming items |
| what do lice do once they find a host | seek blood, they can only live 1-2 days without blood source; they leave their eggs (nits) on the skin surface attached to hair shaft |
| clinical manifestation of lice | nits or lice can be seen on the body, pinpointing, raised red macule, pinpoint hemorrhages, and severe pruritus confirm the diagnosis |
| after the lice-killing shampoo and rinse are used, the lice & nits will not simply fall off; they must be picked with a nit comb. What about the peptides agents in the shampoo do you need to know | they cannot be used under the age of 2 yrs or pregnant women |
| when infested with lice what can you do with items that cant be washed in hot water and dried in a dryer | isolate and bag them in a big trash bag for a period of time allowing the lice to die |
| What are some concerns when thinking about facial burns besides airway issues? | severe asphyxiation and carbon monoxide intoxication; carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin with greater affinity than does oxygen, resulting in tissue hypoxia |
| If a pt complain of N/ vomit bright red blood & is a burn pt what is this a sign of? | curlings ulcer; a duodenal ulcer that develops 8-14 days after sever burns on the surface of the body; the first sign is usually vomiting of brite red blood |
| when does rehabilitation of burns begin | on admission, however the third phase of burn care begins when 20% or less of the TBSA remains burned |
| define motor unit | the muscle cells, in union with the nerve cell that controls them |
| When the client’s leg should not be abducted the leg should not be what | be away from the body |
| what is rheumatoid arthritis | can lead to joint deformity, its a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that effects approximately 1.3 million people |
| what are the risk factors for RA (rheumatoid arthritis) | smoking if predisposed genetically, bacterial and viral infections, genetic link |
| RA is characterized by a chronic inflammation of? | synovial membrane (synovitis) of the diarthrodial joints( synovial joints: the freely movable joints in which continuous bind surfaces are covered by cartilage and connected by ligaments lined with synovial membrane) |
| diagnostic test for RA include what | CRP(C-reactive protein); ESR( erythrocytes sedimentation rate); RF(rheumatoid factor) |
| nursing implications for naproxen | give with food, milk, or antacid; tell pt to avoid driving until dosage effect is established |
| medical management for RA | anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, PT traction and splints, DMARDS, NSAIDs, nonopioid topical analgesics, fish oils, antioxidants, musculoskeletal surgery |
| what is gout | a metabolic disease resulting from an accumulation of uric acid in the blood; an acute inflammatory condition associated with ineffective metabolism of purines |
| define tophi | calculi containing sodium rate deposits that develop in periarticular fibrous tissue, typically in its with gout |
| gout assessment includes what | noting complaint of pain occurring at night involving the big toe or other joints; dietary history specifically consumption of alcohol and foods high in purines such as organ meats, anchovies, yeast, herring, mackerel and scallops |
| what meds are typically used for gout | colchicine orally or IV; 0.5 mg hourly for 12 hours |
| fractures of the hip include | intracapsular fractures, in which the femur id broken inside the joint (subcapital) or in the femoral head or neck (transcervical and basal) |
| fractures that occur without trauma are referred to as pathologic or spontaneous fractures and can be caused by what | a weakening of the bone by Osteoporosis, metastic cancer and tumors of the bone, cushings syndrome, malnutrition, and complications of long-term steroid therapy |
| compartment syndrome | is a pathologic condition caused by the progressive development of arterial vessel compression and reduced blood supply to one of the body's compartments, typically in an extremity |
| volkmans contracture | a permanent contracture with a claw hand, flexion of the wrist and fingers, and atrophy forearm that can occur as a result of compartment syndrome |
| what are some examples of external fixation devices | casts, skeletal and skin traction, braces, and metal pins |
| Total joint replacement of one or both sides of the joint is known as what | arthroplasty |
