| What is Allopatric Speciation? | it occurs in geographically isolated populations, and the separation is due to
different geographical events. The species arise in non-overlapping geographic
locations. |
| What is reproductive isolation? | It happens when two groups of individuals evolved from the same parental population do not interbreed. |
| What is Behavioral isolation? | It is sometimes called ethological separation, and this
happens when two populations of the same species develop some differences
in behavior |
| What is Behavioral isolation? | It is sometimes called ethological separation, and this
happens when two populations of the same species develop some differences
in behavior |
| What is Evolution | A theory based on the idea that all species are related and gradually changing? |
| What is Natural selection ? | It is the process by which organisms with different phenotypes adapt to the environment, which leads to the survival and reproduction of more offspring. |
| What is Adaptation? | It is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats. |
| What is Acclimation? | the process of a slow change of an organism’s body to help adapt to a wide range of conditions and changes in the environment. |
| What is Genetics? | A branch of biology which studies genetic traits, its variation, and how these traits are being passed to an organism from one generation to another. |
| Who is Gregor Mendel? | He is known as the father of heredity, who study genetics in the 19thcentury. |
| What is Speciation? | An evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. |
| Who is Orator F. Cook | He is an entomologist, a botanist, and an agronomist, creates the word speciation, which means a new species arises from other species. |
| What is Genetic drift? | It is an evolution in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to selection sampling of organisms. |
| What is Taxonomy? | The science of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics |
| What is Predation? | A biological interaction where one organism captures and kills other organisms, its prey. |
| What is one of the known modes of feeding behaviors? | Predation |
| What is Symbiotic Relationship? | It is close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms. |
| What is Mutualism? | a biological and ecological interaction where both organisms benefit from each other. |
| It is one of the known ecological interactions. | Mutualism |
| What is Parasitism? | A symbiotic relationship between species, where parasite lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. |
| What is Keystone Species? | It pertains to species relative to its abundance is a disproportionate effect on its natural environment. |
| Who is Robert T. Paine? | He introduced the concept of Keystone Species in 1969. |
| What is Resilience? | the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties, toughness. |
| What is Ecotones? | It is the area of transition area where ecological or biological communities meet and integrate. |
| What is Ecological Succession? | the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Subsequently, this is also the initial colonization of a new habitat. |
| What is biomes? | community where plants and animals exist, thrive, and survive due to similar or shared characteristics in the given environment. |
| What is Marsh? | - a wetland abundant in the herbaceous type of plant species instead of woody plant species
- forms a transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, located at the edges of lakes and streams.
- |
| What is swamp? | - forested wetland. It is considered transition zones due to the shared roles of both lands in water in creating this environment.
- type of environment can be seen in different sizes and is located all around the world.
- It can be freshwater, brackish water, or seawater. |
| What is Wetlands? | - distinct ecosystem where oxygen-free processes prevail. This type of environment is regularly or seasonally flood by water.
- differ from other landforms and bodies of water due to the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil. |
| What is Estuaries? | partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water that is freely connected to the open sea and comes from one or more rivers or streams flowing into it.
- form a zone where both river environments and maritime environments meet, which can also be identified as an ecotone |
| What are Limiting Factors? | Anything that constrains or compel a population's size and slows or stops it from growing. |
| What is Density Independent Factors? | Limit the population size, regardless of population density. |
| What is Natural Disaster? | Example of Density Independent factors Such as droughts, hurricanes, and fires can be devastating to aquatic life. |
| What is an example of Density Independent Factors that influence the activity and growth of organisms? | Temperature. |
| What is an example of Density Independent Factors that can only penetrate to a depth of 30 meters in water? | Sunlight |
| What is an example of Density Independent Factors that is carried globally and affect all organism? | pollution |
| This allow a species to survive in its environment are among the most important biological concepts. | Adaptation and acquisition of traits |
| What is Density Dependent Factors? | It is correlated to the population size, either a positive or negative impact.
- positive relationship, these limiting factors increase with the size of the population and limit growth as population size increases.
-negative correlation, population growth is limited at low densities and becomes less limited as it grows. |
| What is competition? | Animal (vertebrates and invertebrates) communities compete for food and water sources, whereas plant communities compete for soil nutrients and sunlight |
| What is Intraspecific Competition? | - competition between individuals from the same species (cospecifics).
- a group of the same species that compete for access to essential resources (food, water, shelter) |
| Is Intraspecific competition essential factor in natural selection? Why? | Yes, because it leads to the evolution of better adaptations within a species. With this, members of such species are less likely to survive and may gradually to extinction. |
| What is Interspecific competition | competition between members of different species. For example, predators of different species might compete for the same prey. |
| What is Predation ? | ecological process by which energy is transferring
from living animals to other animals basing on the predator's
behavior that can capture and kills the prey before eating it |
| How does Parasitism work? | When organisms (mosquitoes or protozoans) are densely
populated, they can easily transmit internal and external parasites to
one another through contact with the animal skin and their body
fluids. they can thrive in densely packed host populations. |
| How parasites reduce its populations? | A decline or decrease in the host population will reduce
the parasite population because the greater distance between host
organisms will make transmission more difficult. |
| How does diseases transmitted to one another? | Spread quickly through densely packed populations due to
the closeness of each organism to one another. Populations that
rarely come into contact or expose with one another are less likely to share bacteria (E. coli), viruses (hepatitis), and fungi (mushroom). |
| What is Habitat? | It describes the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives and provides the animal or plant with food, water, space, and shelter. |
| What is ecological niche | It represents either the role played by a species in a biological community or the entire set of environmental factors that determine a species distribution. |
| What will happen when an organism change their niche? | Over time, niches change as species develop new strategies to exploit resources. Species of higher intelligence or complex social structures, such as elephants, chimpanzees, and dolphins, learn from their social group how to behave and can invent new ways of doing things when presented with novel opportunities or challenges. |
| Who is Gregory F. Gause ? | The idea that "complete competitors cannot coexist” was proposed by him to explain why mathematical models of species competition always ended with one species disappearing. |
| What was stated in the competitive exclusion principle? | Two animal species can inhabit the same ecological niche for a long time. |
| What is research partitioning? | A process in which one is efficient than the other organisms. Partitioning it will allow several species to utilize different parts of the
same support and coexist within a single habitat Species can specialize in time, too |
| What is Speciation? | a process by which barriers to gene flow evolve between populations due to ecologically-based divergent selection (Rundle and Nosil 2005). |
| When will a Speciation occur? | When a species develops its own unique characteristics as it adapts to its ecological niche. As an interbreeding species population becomes better adapted, its genetic heritage gives it the potential to change further as circumstances dictate. Also, speciation maintains species diversity. |
| What is Allopatric Speciation? | it occurs in geographically isolated populations, and the separation is due to different geographical events. The species arise in non-overlapping geographic locations. |
| What is reproductive isolation? | the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences. |
| What is Peripatric Speciation? | Peri means near and patric means place. A speciation in which new species evolve in a sub-population that colonized a new habitat or niche within the same geographical area of the ancestral species, and experience genetic drift. |
| What is the founder effect? | the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony. |
| What is Parapatric Speciation ? | para means "beside," Patric means "place". Individuals organisms are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors. It also results in a reduced gene flow within the population, no specific barrier to gene flow, and the mating behavior is NOT random. |
| What is Sympatric Speciation? | sym means same, Patric = place. The species split into two groups that diversify and become genetically isolated while remaining in the same place. |
| What is Behavioral isolation? | It is sometimes called ethological separation, and this happens when two populations of the same species develop some differences in behavior |
| What is Genetic Drift ? | describes random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population |
| What is Directional selection? | It occurs when a single phenotype is favored, causing the
allele frequency to shift in one direction continuously. |
| What is Stabilizing selection? | It results in a decrease of a population 's genetic variance
when natural selection favors a typical phenotype and selects against extreme variations. And it can narrow the range of a trait |
| What is Diversifying or Disruptive selection? | The average or intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than either extreme phenotype. They are unlikely to feature prominently in a population, and it can cause traits to diverge to the extremes. |
| What is Evolution? | It is a process of genetic change from generation to generation, occurring in populations or higher-order groupings of organisms |
| What is bioremediation tools? | the application of a biological treatment to clean up hazardous compounds present in the environment. |
| What is Taxonomy ? | It is the study of naming, describing, and classifying organisms, including the rules, theories, principles, and procedures. |
| Who is Carolus Linnaeus? | A Swedish Botanist who developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on Earth. |
| What id Symbiosis? | describing any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms. |
| What is the effect of symbiosis on organisms? | Symbiotic relationships often enhance the survival of one or both partners. This association is called mutualism |
| What is Mutualism? | an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations |
| What is Commensalism? | a type of symbiosis in which one member benefits and the other
neither harm nor benefit. |
| What is Parasitism? | one of the symbiotic relationships wherein a particular species or
organism dependent on the host. |
| What is Competition? | It occurs when organisms of the same or different species trying to use an ecological resource in the same area and the same period |
| What is predator-mediated competition | A superior competitor in a habitat builds up a larger population than its
competing species. Predators take note and increase their hunting pressure on the superior species, reducing its abundance and allowing the weaker competitor to increase its numbers |
| What is evolutionary adaptation? | is the adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve their chances at survival in that environment |
| What is Keystone Species? | Species that play a critical role in a biological community that is unequal to its abundance. |
| What is community properties? | The tolerance limits, species interactions, resource partitioning, evolution, and adaptation—play essential roles in determining the characteristics of populations and species. |
| What is primary productivity? | The rate of biomass production, which is a sign of the conversion rate from solar to chemical energy of a community |
| What is Net primary production? | s the remaining energy after respiration. Atmospheric temperature, light (wavelengths) levels, nutrient availability, and moisture are the component that would affect the rate of photosynthesis |
| What is abundance? | expresses the total number of organisms |
| What is Diversity? | the number of different species, genetic variation present, or ecological
niches |
| What is Ecological Structure? | refers to patterns of the spatial distribution of individuals and the populace within a given community and the interaction of a specific community to its surroundings |
| Examples of Ecological structure? | -clumped together, distributed randomly, or in highly regular patterns
-mutual assistance, reproduction, protection, or access to a particular environmental resource |
| What is the two major types of ecosystem? | Living and nonliving components. |
| What is the nonliving part of ecosystem? | is the physical-chemical environment, including the local atmosphere, water, and mineral soil (on land) or other substrates (in water). |
| What is the living part of the ecosystem? | the living part, referred to as the ecological community, is the interaction
of different species. |
