| Different tissue system work together to do a unique function | Plant Organ |
| Absorbs mineral from soil and also water
Hold the plant to make it stand firm | Roots |
| Support the leaves
Transport water and dissolve substances between the roots and shoots. | Stem |
| Various cell types that work together to carry out various tasks | Plant Tissues |
| Different tissue system that work together to do a unique function | Plant Organ |
| Plant Organs have two disctinct parts, what are those parts? | 1 Shoot system
2 Root system |
| Shoot system has two portions | 1 Vegetative parts (Non-reproductive)
2 Reproductive parts |
| Vegetative parts | leaves and stems |
| Reproductive parts | flowers and fruits |
| What is the function of the shoot system? | Absorbs light needed for photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of the root system? | Supports the plant and absorbs water and minerals |
| What are the two types of roots? | 1 Primary root
2 Secondary root |
| What is primary root and secondary root | 1 Primary root goes downwards
2 Secondary root branch out from the sides |
| Two types of Root System | 1 Taproot System
2 Fibrous Root System |
| Has lateral root.
consists of one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it.
DICOT | Taproot System |
| Lacks lateral root.
has several roots of the same sizes that develop from the end of the stem, with smaller lateral roots branching off these roots.
MONOCOT | Fibrous Root System |
| What are the functions of roots? | 1 Anchorage
2 Absorption of water and dissolve minerals
3 Conduction of water and minerals
4 Conduction of foods
5 Food storage
6 Reproduction
7 Photosynthesis |
| Three different types of soil | 1 Clay
2 Loam
3 Sand |
| Least airspace because it is sticky and compact
Possessess hydroscopic water | Clay |
| Has less airspace
Combination of clay, silt and sand
Recommended type of soil to grow plants. | Loam |
| Have more airspace | Sandy |
| Why is plowing important? | Separating soil particles |
| The amount of water in the soil is determined by | 1 Rainfall
2 Drainage
3 Water holding power
4 Nature of the subsoil |
| Types of water that flows into the soil | 1 Runoff (Flows away from the surface)
2 Gravitational water (flows down the soil)
3 Capillary water (is held loosely by soil particles and remove through evaporation)
4 Hydroscopic water (is held firmly by soil particles after capillary water is removed) |
| To reduce evaporation we do what? | Mulching |
| Spreading dead leaves, papers and any materials to screen the soil from wind and sun | Mulching |
| Mineral salts types | Nitrates, sulfates, magnesium, potassium and calcium |
| What is the use of mineral salts for plants? | Used for manufacturing of food and other organic materials by plants. |
| Composition of soil: | 1 Organic matter
2 Organisms |
| Functions of Organic matter | 1 Promotes water retention
2 Prevents caking
3 Increases porosity and aeration |
| Combination of soil with organic matter produces what?
Complex mixture of proteins and lignins from a incompletely decomposed plants | Humus |
| Function of Organisms | 1 aid in the decomposition of organic matter and rock particles
2 influence the physical properties and aeration of soils |
| Because of organisms, the pH of a soil ranges from what? | pH 4.5 - pH 6.5 |
| Importance of plants to soil | 1 Absorb minerals
2 Add minerals to soils
3 Reducing and preventing soil erosion |
| What are the functions of stem? | 1 Conduction of materials
2 Production and support of leaves and reproductive structures |
| 2 Production is a function of what stem parts? | buds, bare leaves, flowers cones, secondary stem |
| 2 Support is a function of what stem parts? | Xylem, phloem, fibers |
| Specialized function of stems? | 1 Food storage
2 Reproduction
3 Storage |
| The transport in the plant body happens in two ways | 1 Xylem - one-way direction (upward)
-WATER AND DISSOLVE MINERALS
2 Phloem - two-way direction (up or down)
- |
| TRANSPORT IN XYLEM (step by step) | 1 Root hair -
2 Epidermis -
3 Cortex - Once water arrives here, they can pass either by symplast or apoplast
4 Endodermis -
5 Pericycle -
6 Xylem (tracheids or vessel elements) -
7 Stem -
8 Leaves - |
| Explain when water passes a symplast | water moves within cells, the cytoplasm through plasmodesmata |
| Explain when water passes a apoplast | water moves into interconnected cell walls. |
| What is the transport system of water when moving through the plant body? | 1 Osmosis
2 Passive Diffusion |
| What is the transport system of Dissolved minerals when moving through the plant body? | 1 Active transport |
| TRANSPIRATION (tension-cohesion / transpiration-cohesion model) (STEP-BY-STEP) | 1 Soil ->
2 Root tissues ->
3 Root xylem (serves a straw) ->
4 Stem xylem ->
5 Leaf mesophyll ->
6 Atmosphere |
| The water is pulled upward under a tension due to the transpiration while maintaining an unbroken column in the xylem because of the cohesion. | Tension-cohesion |
| Accumulation of water in the root tissue push up water to the top. This is called what? | Root pressure |
| Root pressure also causes what process in the leaves? | Guttation |
| The forceful release of liquid water to a special openings to the leaves called hydathodes | Guttation |
| Predominant synthetic product carried by the phloem | Sucrose |
| The phloem can also carry small amounts of amino acids, organic acids, disease causing plant virus. | .. |
| This states that dissolve sugar will move to phloem because of a pressure gradient which exist in two sources. | Pressure-flow hypthesis |
| Pressure gradient exist between source: | 1 The sugar loaded in the phloem
2 Sink where the sugar is removed from the phloem |
| It is where the sucrose is manufactured | Leaf mesophyll or Palisade mesophyll |
| The pressure gradient that exist in the sugar loaded in the phloem (STEP-BY-STEP) | 1 Sucorse (Leaf mesophyll) ->
2 Companion cells (help) while transport happen, it produces proton gradient in the form of hydrogen ions ->
3 Sieve-tube elements
MOVEMENT OF SUCROSE USES ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
| The proton gradient produced will also strives the uptake of sugar to the sieve tube elements | .. |
| The accumulation of sugar in the sieve tube elements, the water will move out from the xylem to the phloem through OSMOSIS transport system
Once inside, it will increase the turgor pressure which will make the plant firm. | .. |
| 1) Proton pump move H+ out of sieve tube elements -> sugar is actively transported into sieve tube element -> water diffuses from xylem to sieve tube elements - turgore pressure increases within sieve tube elements | .. |
| 2) Sugar is transported out of the sieve tube element -> water diffuses out -> turgor pressure decreases
THIS PROCESS IS OSMOSIS (Water)
THIS PROCESS IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT (Sugar) | .. |
