| Plant grows into two different environments | 1 Dark, moist soil (root)
2 Illuminated, relatively dry air. (shoot) |
| The aerial parts of the plant. Absorbs carbon dioxide and sunlight. Responsible for the process of photosynthesis | Shoot System |
| The parts of a plant found underground. Main function is to absorb water and nutrients in the soil. | Root System |
| The shoot system consists of: | 1 Stem
2 Leaf
3 Apical Bud
4 Auxiliary Bud
5 Petiole
6 Node
7 Internode |
| The Root system consists of: | 1 Primary root
2 Apical root |
| Plant Structure | 1 Herbaceous Plants
2 Woody Plants |
| Plants that dies when they reach the end of their growing season. Green All-throughout
Ex. vegetables, pumpkins, squash, palay, potato, cabbage, tomato | Herbaceous Plants |
| The aerial parts of these plants continues to grow until they reach their certain height. Their stem becomes a bark
Ex. Trees-
Pine trees, narra tree, rose, peach tree, mahogany, Coconut trees
Shrubs-
Calamansi, eggplants | Woody Plants |
| Herbaceous. They grow, reproduce and die in one year or a particular season. They can be grown easily with a seed. | Annuals |
| Herbaceous. Plants that can complete their lifecycle in two years.
In the first year, they produce extra carbohydrates, store and will use that for the next year.
In the first year, they do not bloom and only produce leaves.
Ex. carrots, lettuce, spinach, onions | Biennials |
| Can be woody and herbaceous. They can live more than two years and is very difficult to grow them from seeds.
They can be grown from propagation of their root division. | Perennials |
| Some herbaceous perennials, usually the aerial parts, dies at a certain season and the root becomes dormant. After a certain season, they will send a new growth.
ex. grass dies during el nino, they will grown back in la nina | .. |
| Some woody perennials, their aerial parts dies at a certain season. For example, winter. And grow back in the next season. For example Spring. | .. |
| Tissues of Plants | 1 Simple Tissues
2 Complex Tissues |
| These are tissues that are organized by one type of cell | Simple Tissues |
| These are tissues that are organized from different type of cells | Complex Tissues |
| Kinds of Tissue System | 1 Ground Tissue System
2 Vascular Tissue System
3 Dermal Tissue System |
| Main function is for photosynthesis, for storage and support | Ground Tissue System |
| Found all throughout the body. Main function is to conduct various substances such as water, dissolve minerals and food molecules. It is like the veins. | Vascular Tissue System |
| Is responsible for the outer covering of the plant body. It is the skin of the plant.
Provide protective covering over the plant parts | Dermal Tissue System |
| Ground Tissue System - Tissues | 1 Parenchyma Tissues
2 Collenchyma Tissues
3 Sclerenchyma Tissues |
| Is composed of organized parenchyma cells.
The edible and the soft parts of the plants.
They have thin primary cell walls.
Main function is photosynthesis, storage and secretion. | Parenchyma Tissues |
| What are the main function of Parenchyma cells? | Photosynthesis, storage and secretion. |
| What are the functions of Non-photosynthetic parenchyma cells? | For storage of grains, oil droplets, water, salts
Secrete resins, tanins, hormones, enzymes, and sugary nectar |
| A protein that protects the plant | Tannins |
| What is the special feature of parenchyma cells? | They have the ability to transform itself into other cells |
| Is composed of organized collenchyma cells
Are not found uniformly throughout the plant. Only found in leaf blades and stem surfaces
Have unevenly thickened cell walls and the cells are elongated.
Main function is it provides support in soft and non-woody plant organs | Collenchyma Tissues |
| What are the main function of Collenchyma cells? | Provides support in soft and non-woody plant organs |
| What is the importance of collenchyma cells? | Without it, plant cannot grow upward and compete with other plants. |
| Is composed of organized sclerenchyma cells
Extremely thickened cell walls as compared with collenchyma cells | Sclerenchyma Tissue |
| What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells? | 1 Fibres / Fibers
2 Sclereids |
| Difference of Fibers and Sclereids | 1 Sclereids are short cells with variable shape; can be found in shell in nuts, fruit stones. Have gritty texture
2 Fibers are a long tapered cells in groups. Can be found in the wood, inner bark; only found in flowering plants |
| Imbedded or attached in the Ground Tissue System | Vascular Tissue System |
| Vascular Tissue System - Tissues | 1 Xylem
2 Phloem |
| Conducts and transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and stem. Movement of water is one-way only
Aside from transport, they provide structural support for the plants | Xylem |
| What direction is the movement of water in the Xylem? | One-way direction |
| What are the cell types of Xylem? | 1 Tracheids
2 Vessel cells / Vessel elements
3 Parenchyma
4 Fibers |
| Cells responsible for conducting and transporting the water and dissolved minerals. They die at maturity stage of plant. | Tracheids and Vessel cells / Vessel elements |
| Chief water conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants. Can be found in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants.
Have long tapering cells that is located patches.
Water pass from one tracheid to another through piths | Tracheids |
| Water pass from one tracheids to another tracheids through? | Piths |
| Chief water conducting cells in flowering plants. Can be found in flowering plants.
Bigger diameter.
Water pass through perforations | Vessel cells / Vessel elements |
| Water pass through one vessel elements to another vessel elements through? | Perforations |
| What is the main function of parenchyma cells when it is found in another tissue system aside from the ground tissue system? | Storage |
| What is the main function of fiber cells when it is found in another tissue system aside from the ground tissue system? | Support |
| Conducts and transports food materials such as carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis. Movement of materials are a two-way flow.
Food material should be dissolved first in the water before transported | Phloem |
| What are the cell types of Phloem? | 1 Sieve-tube elements
2 Companion cells
3 Phloem fibers
4 Phloem parenchyma cells |
| A long thin cells that is stacked together from end to end. | Sieve-tube elements |
| Do not directly conduct nutrients. Rather, they help in loading of food to the sieve-tube elements | Companion Cells |
| Main function is for support in the phloem | Phloem Fibers |
| Main function is for storage in the phloem | Phloem parenchyma cells |
| Sieve-tube elements are alive during maturity stage but their organelles are disintegrated at this stage. | .. |
| A cytoplasmic channel through the cell walls of the adjacent plant cells.
Food molecules pass here. | Plasmodesmata |
| In phloem, food molecules pass through what cyotpasmic channel? | Plasmodesmata |
| Companion cells help in loading food molecules to pass through the plasmodesmata to the sieve tube elements | .. |
| Dermal Tissue System - Tissues | 1 Epidermis
2 Periderm |
| Can only be found in herbaceous plants and during the young stage of woody plants.
Covers the primary plant body which is the leaves, young stems and the roots.
Composed of several types of cells: Unspecialized and Specialized cells | Epidermis |
| What are the cell types of Epidermis? | 1 Parenchyma cells
2 Guard cells
3 Trichomes |
| What are the Unspecialized cells? | 1 Parenchyma cells |
| What are the Specialized cells? | 1 Guard cells
2 Trichomes |
| The cell walls of the epidermis have waxy covering called what?
It prevents water loss and carbon dioxide in the aerial parts of the plant body. | Cuticle |
| Under the upper epidermis. You can find the chloroplasts here and photosynthesis happens here | Palisade mesophyll |
| Under the palisade mesophyll. Involves in gas and water exchange in the dermal tissue system. | Spongy mesophyll |
| Responsible in closing and opening of the stomata. | Guard cells |
| Facilitates the diffusion of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. | Guard cells |
| Guard cells allow of opening of the stomata during what time? | Daytime |
| The movement of water from the roots to the aerial parts will evaporate to the stem, leaves and flowers and release heat in the plants | Transpiration / Evaporative Cooling |
| Special outgrowths or hair of plant stems and leaves.
Helps in reflecting light and absorbing water and minerals. It also have protective function and act as protective barrier against predators contains allergens. | Trichomes |
| Can be found on woody plants, especially at the mature stage.
They replace the epidermis and becomes the protective outer bark. | Periderm |
| What are the cell types of Periderm? | 1 Cork cells
2 Cork parenchyma cells
3 Cork cambium |
| Have protective covering called suberin. | Cork cells |
| Prevents water loss and usually dead in maturity in the periderm | Suberin |
| Main function is storage in the Dermal Tissue System | Cork parenchyma cells / Phelloderm |
| Responsible for the secondary growth that replaces epidermis in roots and also in stems. | Cork cambium |
| Meiosis and Mitosis process happen here
Composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells
This is where the cell continue to divide forever, until death. | Plant Meristems |
| What are the 3 different process of plant growth? | 1 Cell division
2 Cell elongation
3 Cell differentiation |
| In this process, cell undergo expansion
Lengthening of the plant cell | Cell elongation |
| After achieving the desired size of the cell, the cell will become specialized cell. (becomes different types of cell) | Cell differentiation |
| What are the 2 kinds of Meristematic Growth? | 1 Primary growth
2 Secondary growth |
| What is the purpose of Primary growth? | Increasing the length of the plant |
| What is the purpose of Secondary growth? | Increasing of the girth or the diameter of the plant. |
| What plants have primary growth? | All plants |
| What plants have secondary growth? | Woody plants such as eudicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms |
| Primary growth happens here | Apical Meristem |
| What are the Apical Meristem parts? | 1 Root apical meristem
2 Shoot apical meristem |
| Apical meristem is can be found in two locations | 1 Tip of the stem
2 Tip of the roots |
| Main function is to produce the primary tissues such as the ground tissue system, epidermis, xylem, and phloem | Apical Meristem |
| The root apical meristem is protected by? | Root caps |
| What are the 3 primary meristems?
The root apical meristem is divided into three which is? | 1 Protoderm
2 Procambium
3 Ground meristem |
| Young and differentiated tissue of the root or stem that develops in to the epidermis | Protoderm |
| Develops into vascular tissue system.
Develops into the xylem and phloem | Procambium |
| Develops into the ground tissue system
Develops into cortex, the pith.
Develops into parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma | Ground meristem |
| Found in the tip of the stem
contains leaf primordia and bud primordia | Shoot apical meristem |
| Shoot apical meristem contains two parts | 1 Leaf primordia
2 Bud primordia |
| Responsible for developing the leaves.
Usually grows continually and then elongates and push the apical meristem upward and then differentiate into other primary tissue found in the leaves | Leaf primordia |
| Responsible for developing the bud | Bud primordia |
| Secondary Growth | Lateral Meristem |
| It forms the secondary tissues during the secondary growth.
Produces periderm, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium and cork cambium | Lateral Meristem |
| What are the parts of Lateral Meristem? | 1 Vascular cambium
2 Cork cambium |
| Vascular cambium develops from what? | procambium |
| At maturity, produces secondary phloem and xylem
It forms usually in a thin and continuous cylinder within the stem and also the roots.
located between the wood and the bark of the woody plant | Vascular cambium |
| Is found in the outer bark region.
Composed of cork cells, cork parenchyma cells
Responsible in producing the periderm | Cork cambium |
