| the process of RBC production is called | erythropoiesis |
| the body contains how many lymph nodes? | 500-600 |
| lymph node size | 0.04-1inch |
| lymph nodes are found where? | axillary, abdomen, thorax, cervical, and inguinal regions |
| the spleen stores approximately how much blood? | 500mL |
| deceased number of certain WBC’s is known as | neutropenia |
| decreased number of platelets is known as | thrombocytopenia |
| this is a condition in which there is a below-normal amount of RBC’s, causing a decrease in Hg and Hct | anemia |
| this is a disease that results from the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12 | pernicious anemia |
| having two different genes is known as | heterozygous |
| lymphatic system 3 basic functions | 1. maintenance of fluid balance
2. production of lymphocytes
3. absorption and transportation of lipids from the intestine to the bloodstream |
| the spleen is located where? | the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm |
| another name for white blood cells is | leukocytes |
| average lifespan of an RBC is | 120 days |
| another name for RBC is | erythrocyte |
| where are erythrocytes (RBC’s) produced? | red bone marrow |
| normal Hgb level in men and women | men: 14-18 g/dL
women: 12-16 g/dL |
| what is the process of phagocytosis? | bacteria, cellular debris, and solid particles are destroyed and removed |
| lymphocytes are WBC’s that may be divided into 2 groups, what are they? | T cells and B cells |
| what are thrombocytes? what’s their lifespan? where are they produced? | platelets
5-9 days
in red bone marrow |
| what do thrombocytes have a roll in? | hemostasis (the prevention of blood loss) and assisting in forming blood clots |
| the process of clot formation | 1. injury occurs (blood vessel damaged)
2. hemorrhage begins
3. platelets activated, clump at site of damage
4. thromboplastin, released from platelets, reacts with calcium ions
5. prothrombin is converted to thrombin
6. fibrinogen forms fibrin
8. fibrin traps RBC’s and platelets, forming a blood clot
9. blood clot seals the damaged vessel |
| what blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient? | type O universal donor
type AB universal recipient |
| what is the function of the thymus? | the thymus functions in utero, and for a few months after birth to help develop the immune system |
| what site is most commonly used for bone marrow aspiration? | posterior iliac crest because there are no vital organs, blood vessels, or nerves (tibia can also be used but not preferred site) |
| what can anemia be caused by? | excessive blood loss (such as hemorrhage), prolonged menstrual periods, and GI bleeding |
| what happens if a patients Hgb falls below 5 g/dL? | may experience shock, hypotension, MI, stroke, confusion, and sometimes death |
| signs of hypovolemia | anxiety or agitation
confusion
cool, clammy skin
decreased or no urine output
diaphoresis
general weakness
hypotension
low body temp
pale skin color (pallor)
weak and threads pulse
rapid breathing
tachycardia
unconsciousness |
| average adult has a total blood volume of how many mL’s? and how much can you tolerate losing? | 6000mL’s
and can lose 500mL’s |
| nursing interventions for pernicious anemia | lifetime therapy with vitamin B12 |
| possible causes of aplastic anemia | -autoimmune disorders
-certain inherited conditions
-certain medications
-injections such as hepatitis, HIV
-pregnancy
-radiation therapy and chemo for cancer
-toxic substances, such as pesticides
-unknown causes |
| all three major blood elements (red cells, white cells, and platelets) is known as | pancytopenic |
| medical management of aplastic anemia | avoid blood transfusions, if possible, to prevent iron overloading and to minimize the risk of rejection for a bone marrow transplant candidate |
| people who have higher iron needs | ill children, pregnant and lactating women |
| RBC’s do what | carry oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| WBC’s do what | fight infections |
| causes of iron deficiency anemia | blood loss, mainly GI or genitourinary systems, and inadequate daily iron intake |
| food sources of iron | -dark green vegetables: spinach, swiss chard, kale, greens
-dried fruits: apricots, dates, figs, prunes, raisins
-eggs
-iron-enriched/fortified breads or cereals
-legumes and nuts
-muscle meats, especially dark poultry meat
-organ meats:liver, kidney, heart, tongue
-shellfish
-whole-grain breads and cereals |
| iron administration rule | if dosage is missed, continue with the schedule; do not double a dose |
| sickle cell anemia medical management | adequate hydration |
| nursing interventions for sickle cell anemia | proper anatomic alignment, protect joints, position patient slowly and gently, warm soaks or compresses |
| agranulocytosis pathophysiology (normal neutrophil value is 3000-7000/mm3) | potentially fatal condition of the blood characterized by a servers reduction in the number of granulocytes, low WBC count, and a neutrophil count of less than 200/mm3 |
| nursing interventions for agranulocytosis | avoid fresh flowers and plants and raw foods such as sushi |
| different types of leukemia (4) | 1. acute lymphocytic leukemia
2. acute myeloid leukemia
3. chronic lymphocytic leukemia
4. chronic myeloid leukemia |
| leukemia clinical manifestations | first signs: enlarged lymph nodes and painless splenomegaly
patient is predisposed to: anemia and thrombocytopenia |
| most common cause of increased destruction of platelets is | thrombocytopenic purpura |
| medications with thrombocytopenic effects | -aspirin
-furosemide
-oral hypoglycemics
-penicillins
-rifampicin
-thiazides
-sulfonamides
-digitalis derivatives
-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents |
| thrombocytopenia medical management | corticosteroids may help if the disorder is related to an autoimmune problem |
| hemophilia pathophysiology | genes causing hemophilia are inherited, it affects mainly males and females are typically carriers |
| blood transfusions are now safe because | viral detection processes and viral inactivation of blood products have restored safety to transfusing blood products |
| hemophilia diagnostic tests | blood clotting factors VIIII and IX are absent or deficient, and coagulation profile reveals a normal platelet count |
| hemophilia nursing interventions | control hemorrhages by applying pressure and cold to the site, and do not give aspirin or aspirin products because it can further complicate bleeding tendency |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) pathophysiology | results from disease or injury including septicemia, obstetric complications, malignancies, tissue trauma, transfusion reaction, burns, shock, and snake bites. another whose fetus dies in utero, especially when delivery of the fetus is delayed |
| multiple myeloma nursing interventions | administer chemotherapy and radiation, maintain hydration, encourage ambulation, fluid intake of 3-4 L/d and urinary output of 1.5-2 L/d |
| chemotherapy side effects | -alopecia (hair loss)
-appetite changes
-bleeding problems
-constipation/diarrhea
-fatigue
-infection
-mouth and throat changes
-N/V
-nerve changes
-pain
-sexual infertility changes in women
-skin and nail changes
-swelling (fluid retention)
-urination changes |
| hodgkin’s lymphoma pathophysiology | no major risk factors but occurs more frequently in people who have has mononucleosis (infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus), congenital immunodeficiency syndromes, taking immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplantation, exposed to occupational toxins, have a genetic predisposition |
