| The SA node is known as the Pacemaker because it | Regulates the Heartbeat |
| The SA node is known as the Pacemaker because it | Regulates the Heartbeat |
| Located in the base of the right Atrium and passes | Impulses to the AV node |
| How come the AV nodes slow the impulses? | To allow the Atrium to complete contraction allowing Ventricles to fill |
| After impulses complete contracting to Ventricles, they then pass to a group of conduction fibers called the | "Bundle of His" |
| The "Bundle of His" divides into right and left bundle branches to travel to smaller branches called the | "Purkinje Fibers", which surrounds the Ventricles |
| What is the impulse pathway in which the message travels rapidly through the Ventricles and causes contractions emptying the Ventricles? | SA node to AV node to Bundle of His to Right and Left bundle branches to Purkinje Fibers |
| Refers to a complete heartbeat | Cardiac Cycle |
| While the two Atria contracts, the two | Ventricles Relax |
| When the Ventricles contract, the two | Atria Relax |
| The phase of contraction is called | Systole |
| Period between contraction of the Atria or the Ventricles during which blood enters the relaxed chambers from the systemic circulation and lung is called | Diastole [ Phase of Relaxation ] |
| What does a complete Diastole and Systole of Atria and Ventricles constitute? | Cardiac cycle; taking average of 0.8 seconds |
| What are the Heart sounds? | Lub and Dub and produced by closure of the valves |
| The Long duration and low pitch heard when the AV valve closes is the | Lub the 1st sound |
| The short duration, sharp sound heard when the Semilunar valves close is the | Dub the 2nd sound |
| What is the Cardiovascular system composed of? | Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatic Structures |
| How does the Cardiovascular system function? | Delivers Oxygen and Nutrients to the cells and removes Carbon Dioxide and waste products from the cells |
| A large pump that propels blood through the Circulatory System | The Heart |
| The Heart is composed of four chambers, which are | The Two Atria and Two Ventricles |
| There are two Coronary Arteries that supply the heart with | Nutrition and Oxygen |
| Where does the electrical impulse pathway start? | At the SA node [ Pacemaker ] |
| The impulse travels to the AV node, then travels to a bundle of fibers called | Bundle of His |
| When the impulse travels to the Bundle of His, it then divides into right and left bundle branches and finally to the | Purkinje fibers |
| There are 3 kinds of blood vessels that are organized for carrying blood to and from the heart which are | The arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Risk factors for developing CAD are classified as | Nonmodifiable and Modifiable |
| What are Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD? | Advancing age
Male Gender
Black Race
Positive family history of CAD |
| What are major Modifiable risk factors for CAD? | Cigarette smoking
Hyperlipidemia
Stress
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension |
| Patient problem: Compromised blood flow to tissue, related to insufficient venous circulation | Nursing interventions:
Providing antibiotic therapy as prescribed
Encourage nutritional intake to promote wound healing
Elevate extremities when sitting or lying down to promote venous return and decrease risk of edema
Use overbed cradle to protect extremities from pressure of bed linens |
| The surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery may be the treatment of choice of an arterial embolism | Endarterectomy |
| What does the Endarterectomy involve doing? | Involves stripping Arteriosclerotic plaque from the intima or inner media of arteries affected by Atherosclerosis |
| What are ACE inhibitors prescribed for? | Patients with PAD [ Peripheral Artery Disease ] regardless whether they have hypertension or left ventricular dysfunction |
| What are Fibrinolytics or Thrombolytics useful for? | Dissolving existing Thrombi |
| What is Urokinase [ Abbokinase ] used for? | In Most patients with Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease |
| Patients who have PAD may have this discoloration or Erythema or Cyanosis Arterial ulcers, Cellulitis or Gangrenous changes in affected Extremity | Rubor |
| What are nursing interventions for PAD "Peripheral Artery Disease"? | Herbs for circulatory effects
Gingko
Horse chestnut
Garlic |
| The arterial wall loses its elasticity and becomes less | Responsive to changes in blood volume and pressure |
| What can Atherosclerosis progress to? | Obstruction, Thrombosis, Aneurysm, and Rupture |
| When the need for oxygen in the tissues exceeds the supply what occurs? | Ischemia and may result in cell death and tissue necrosis |
| What are causes of Secondary Hypertension? | Renal Vascular Disease
Coarctation of the Aorta [narrowing]
Head trauma or cranial tumor
Pregnancy induced hypertension |
| What are risk factors for Essential Hypertension? | Nonmodifiable Risks
as age pasts 30 years old
Male at more risk
Modifiable Risks
Smoking
Obesity
High sodium diet |
| What is Venography? | Gold standard to assess condition of DVT deep vein thrombosis |
| A serum venous blood test | D- dimer |
| What are Anticoagulants used for? | Anticoagulant therapy prevents and clot from growing in size or development of a new one |
| What are Patient teachings on Anticoagulant therapy? | Bleeding that does not stop after 10-15 min
Blood in urine and or stool black tarry etc
Severe headaches vomiting blood
Unusual bleeding from gums throat skin or nose heavy menstrual |
| Buerger's Disease is a chronic condition, amputation may be necessary if the condition progresses to gangrene with | Chronic infection and extensive tissue destruction |
| The prognosis of Buerger's disease can improve if the patient | Stops smoking, when pt's compliant with therapy, 94% avoid amputation |
| The 8 yr amputation rate for patients who continue to smoke is | 43% |
| What kind of test used to diagnose Raynaud's disease? | Cold stimulation |
| Who are more commonly affected by Thromboangiitis Obliteran [ Buerger's disease ]? | Men ages 25 to 40 who smoke, women making up 40% with disease |
| An occlusive vascular condition which small medium sized arteries become inflamed and thrombotic | Buerger's Disease |
| What is the primary of care to control and monitor Aneurysms? | Hypertension |
| Occurs when the wall of an artery weakens resulting in bulging of the artery when it fills with blood | Aneurysm |
| What are some Diagnostic tests for PVD? Peripheral vascular disease | Treadmill test
Plethysmography
Digital substraction
Doppler ultrasound
D-Dimer |
| Absent Pulse | 0 |
| Barely palpable, intermittent | +1 |
| Weak, thready but constantly palpable | +2 |
| Normal strength and quality | +3 |
| Bounding easily palpable may be visible | +4 |
| What may be needed to ck patient's pulses if PVD low vp edema or large amounts of subq tissue impede assessment? | Doppler Ultrasound |
