level: TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND LEISHMANIASIS
Questions and Answers List
LEVEL 2
level questions: TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND LEISHMANIASIS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The diseases caused by these parasitic flagellate protozoans arw ebdemic or enzootic in different parts of the world and constitute serious medical and economical problems | trypanosoma and leishmania. they are also called hemoflagellates bceause require hematin from blood hemoglobin for aerobic respiration. |
| in their life cycle, which stage occur in vertebrate host | amstigote and trypomastigote |
| stages that may occur in invertebrate | promastiogte, paramastigote and epimastigote |
| leishamaniasis affects people in which regions of the world? | tropic and subtropics |
| location of majority of cases of viscreal leishmaniasis | 90% of cases occur in india, bangladesh, nepal, sudan and brazil |
| chagas disease/ american trypanosomiasis: | begins as a localized infection and followed by colonizationof internal organs and tissues. |
| evidence of infection | as a small tumor( chagoma) of the skin or as Romana's sign if port of entry is conjunctiva, accompanied by welling of satellite lymph nodes that persists for 1/2 months |
| signs and symptoms of chagas disease | fever, generalised edema, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis with or without enlargement and sometimes minigoencephalitis; |
| acute chagas disease | acute disease is frequently subclinical and may become lifelong asymptomatic carriers |
| chronic disease phase of chagas disease | may result after 10-20 years in cardiopathy and enlargement of parts of GI tract: megaesophagus, megacolon |
| transmission of chagas disease | bite from infected phlebotomite sandflies when infective stage promastigote is injected |
| life cycle of trypanosoma | 1)promastigote injected 2)phagocytosis of promastigote in macrophages and other phagocytic cells 3)promastigote in cells transform into amastigote which divide and infect more cells. 4) sandflies become infected by ingesting amastigote in cells during blood meals 5) amastigote transform into promastigote and migrate to proboscis. |
| where do the transformation from amastigote to promastigote occur for different leishmania organisms | in the hind gut for vianna subgenus in the mid gut for leishmania subgenus |
| diagonistic stage of leishmaniasis | promastigote |
| cutaneous and muco-cutaneous diagnostic test | pcr, antigen detection, biopsy, touch prep, culture , serological test |
| visceral test for leishmaniasis | pcr, antigen detection,, touch preparation, culture serologucal test, lymph node biopsy, bone marrow or splenic aspiration |
| lab diagnosis for chagas disease | fresh blood and stained smear, pcr, xenodiagnosis, selological test for chronic disease. |
| lab test for african sleeping sickeness | blood smear, pcr, serological tests. |
| treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis | 1)sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) 2)meglumine antimoniate 3)oral antifungal drugs : fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole 4)pentamidine 5)liposomal amphotericin B |
| visceral leishmaniasis treatment | visceral leishmaniasis from indian subcontinent is prone to drug resistance: 1) liposomal amphotericin B 2) sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate 3) conventuional amphotericin B deoxycholate 4) parenteral paromomycin and miltefosine 5) pentamidine isethionate |