| nurture | 1. to care for and protect sb/sth while they are growing and developing
2. to help sb/sth to develop and be successful
3. to have a feeling, an idea, a plan, etc. for a long time and encourage it to develop |
| punishing | long and difficult and making you work hard so you become very tired |
| panel | 1. a square or rectangular piece of wood, glass or metal that forms part of a larger surface such as a door or wall
2. a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about sth; a group of people who discuss topics of interest on television or radio
3. a flat board in a vehicle or on a piece of machinery where the controls and instruments are fixed |
| volt | a unit for measuring the force of an electric current |
| administer | 1. to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
2. to make sure that sth is done fairly and in the correct way
3. ~ sth (to sb)---to give or to provide sth, especially in a formal way
4. to give drugs, medicine, etc. to sb
5. to kick or to hit sb/sth |
| severity | serious |
| successive | following immediately one after the other |
| simulate | 1. to pretend that you have a particular feeling
2. to create particular conditions that exist in real life using computers, models, etc., usually for study or training purposes
3. to be made to look like sth else |
| emit | to send out sth such as light, heat, sound, gas, etc. |
| groan | to make a long deep sound because you are annoyed, upset or in pain, or with pleasure |
| writhe | to twist or move your body without stopping, often because you are in great pain |
| assortment | a collection of different things or of different types of the same thing |
| expletive | a word, especially a rude word, that you use when you are angry, or in pain |
| denounce | 1. to strongly criticize sb/sth that you think is wrong, illegal, etc.
2. to tell the police, the authorities, etc. about sb's illegal political activities |
| deliberately | 1. done in a way that was planned, not by chance
2. slowly and carefully |
| thereby | Synonym
adv.
thus,so,in that way,by this means,in so doing |
| balk | 1. to be unwilling to do sth or become involved in sth because it is difficult, dangerous, etc.
2. to stop suddenly and refuse to jump a fence, etc.
3. to prevent sb from getting sth or doing sth |
| mercy | 1. a kind or forgiving attitude towards sb that you have the power to harm or right to punish
2. an event or a situation to be grateful for, usually because it stops sth unpleasant |
| reluctant | hesitating before doing sth because you do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do |
| prior | 1. happening or existing before sth else or before a particular time
2. already existing and therefore more important
3. before sth |
| overwhelm | 1. to have such a strong emotional effect on sb that it is difficult for them to resist or know how to react
2. to defeat sb completely
3. to be so bad or so great that a person cannot deal with it; to give too much of a thing to a person
4. to cover sb/sth completely |
| consensus | an opinion that all members of a group agree with |
| contract | an official written agreement |
| virtually | synonym
adv.
almost,nearly,near,close to,next to |
| anticipate | 1. to expect sth
2. to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it
3. ~ (doing) sth.---to think with pleasure and excitement about sth that is going to happen
4. ~ sb (doing sth)---to do sth before it can be done by sb else |
| lunatic | a person who does crazy things that are often dangerous |
| fringe | 1. the outer edge of an area or a group
2. groups of people, events and activities that are not part of the main group or activity
3. the front part of sb's hair that is cut so that it hangs over their forehead
4. a strip of hanging threads attached to the edge of sth to decorate it
5. a narrow strip of trees, buildings, etc. along the edge of sth |
| vast | extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. |
| discrepancy | a difference between two or more things that should be the same |
| rational | 1. based on reason rather than emotions
2. able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions |
| fluster | to make sb nervous and/or confused, especially by giving them a lot to do or by making them hurry |
| inclination | 1. a feeling that makes you want to do sth
2. ~ to do sth---a tendency to do sth
3. a degree of sloping
4. a small downward movement, usually of the head |
| aggression | 1. feelings of anger and hatred that may result in threatening or violent behaviour
2. a violent attack or threats by one person against another person or by one country against another country |
| instinct | a natural tendency for people and animals to behave in a particular way using the knowledge and abilities that they were born with rather than thought or training |
| discharge | 1. to give sb official permission to leave a place or job; to make sb leave a job
2. to allow sb to leave prison or court
3. when a gas or a liquiddischarges oris discharged , or sbdischarges it, it flows somewhere
4. to release force or power
5. to do everything that is necessary to perform and complete a particular duty
6. to fire a gun |
| pent-up | 1. that cannot be expressed or released
2. having feelings that you cannot express |
| trait | a particular quality in your personality |
| hardship | a situation that is difficult and unpleasant because you do not have enough money, food, clothes, etc. |
| plain | 1. easy to see or understand
2. not trying to trick anyone; honest and direct
not decorated or complicated; simple
3. not decorated or complicated; simple
4. without marks or a pattern on it
5. used to emphasize that sth is very ordinary, not special in any way
6. not beautiful or attractive |
| remnant | 1. a part of sth that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc.
2. a small piece of cloth that is left when the rest has been sold |
| notion | an idea, a belief or an understanding of sth |
| benevolent | 1. kind, helpful and generous
2. used in the names of some organizations that give help and money to people in need |
| claim | 1. to say that sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it
2. to demand or ask for sth because you believe it is your legal right to own or to have it
3. to ask for money from the government or a company because you have a right to it
4. to get or take sb's attention
5. to gain, win or achieve sth
6. to cause sb's death |
| legitimacy | legality
1. the fact of being legal
2. the legal aspect of an action or a situation |
| evoke | to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind |
| victim | 1. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an accident, etc.
2. a person who has been tricked
3. an animal or a person that is killed and offered as a sacrifice |
| merge | to combine or make two or more things combine to form a single thing |
| loyalty | the quality of being faithful in your support of sb/sth |
| discipline | 1. the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not
2. a method of training your mind or body or of controlling your behaviour
3. the ability to control your behaviour or the way you live, work, etc.
4. an area of knowledge |
| malevolent | having or showing a desire to harm other people |
| radically | fundamentally |
| forgo | to decide not to have or do sth that you would like to have or do |
| institution | 1. a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or bank
2. a building where people with special needs are taken care of, for example because they are old or mentally ill
3. a custom or system that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people
4. the act of starting or introducing sth such as a system or a law
5. a person who is well known because they have been in a particular place or job for a long time |
| biologist | a scientist who studies biology |
| anthropologist | a person who studies anthropology |
| polar | 1. connected with, or near the North or South Pole
2. connected with the poles (= the positive and negative ends) of a magnet
3. used to describe sth that is the complete opposite of sth else |
| plausible | 1. reasonable and likely to be true
2. good at sounding honest and sincere, especially when trying to trick people |
| dictate | 1. to say words for sb else to write down
2. to tell sb what to do, especially in an annoying way
3. to control or influence how sth happens |
| bias | 1. a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement
2. an interest in one thing more than others; a special ability |
| elucidate | to make sth clearer by explaining it more fully |
| distaste | a feeling that sb/sth is unpleasant or offensive |
| revulsion | an extreme feeling of disliking someone or something that is so unpleasant that you feel slightly sick |
| surrender | to admit that you have been defeated and want to stop fighting; to allow yourself to be caught, taken prisoner, etc. |
| suppose | to think or believe that sth is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you have) |
| alternative | a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities |
