| possess hormonal activity especially in gut hormones | Neuropeptides |
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Glutamate and Aspartate |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | Glycine and GABA |
| Catecholamines | Dopamine, Epi/Norepi |
| Indoleamines | Serotonin, Melatonin |
| opiods | Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins |
| Tachykinins | Substance P, Neurokinin |
| Neuropeptides | opioids, tachykinins, gut peptides |
| Excitatory action of Ach | Nicotinic Receptor |
| Inhibitory action of Ach | Muscarinic Receptor |
| involve secondary messenger | Metabotrophic |
| Ligand-gated ion channels | Ionotropic |
| detect the rise in Calcium | Synaptotagmin |
| SNAP Receptors | SNARE |
| Soluble NSF Attachment Protein | SNAP |
| N-ethylmalemide Sensitive Fusion Protein | NSF |
| contain synaptotagmin and synaptobrevin | Vesicular membrane |
| contain syntaxin and SNAP-25 | Presynaptic Membrane |
| contain syntaxin and SNAP-25 | Presynaptic Membrane |
| autoimmune disease assoc with small cell lung carcinoma which do not have ABs against presyn. VG Calcium ch | Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
| symptoms improve after repeated muscle use in contrast with MG | LEMS |
| neurotoxin from C. botulinum which is a zinc protease and cleaves SNARE proteins | Botox |
| major symptoms: proximal muscles weakness | LEMS |
| CM: Flaccid skeletal muscle paralysis | Botulinum toxicity |
| CM: Flaccid skeletal muscle paralysis | Botulinum toxicity |
| enzyme needed to convert A-coa and Choline to Ach | Choline-acetyltransferase |
| rate limiting step of syn of Ach | Choline transport |
| 2 major constellations of cholinergic neurons in brain | Basal forebrain constellation of Choli neurons and Dorsolateral pontine tegmental constellation of cholinergic neurons |
| liberates choline and acetate | Acetylcholinesterase |
| taken up by neuron again | Choline |
| treated with drugs that inhibit Acetylcholinesterase | Alzheimer's disease |
| autoimmune disease where there is AB-mediated destruction of Ach receptors and complement-mediated lysis of muscular CM at NMJ | Myasthenia Gravis |
| assoc with Thymoma (w/c req surgery) | Myasthenia Gravis |
| occurs when there is overstimulation of cholinergic neurons (both M and N rec) | Cholinergic crisis |
| used as insecticides which exposure can cause cholinergic crisis | Organophosphates |
| other causes of CCrisis | ingestion of Amanita mushroom, overdose, nerve gas agents |
| Classic manifestation of CC | SLUDGE BBB DM |
| treatment for CC | Atropine and Pralidoxine (wlc react Acetylcholinestrase) |
| arise from exposure to drugs that block Ach receptors such as Atropine | Anti-C toxicity |
| symptoms of AC toxicity | dilated pupils, dec secretions, hyperthermia, tachy, arrythmias |
| syn in neuronal RER where it is conv to Propeptide | Prepropeptides |
| carry the propeptides along axon to nerve terminal | Fast axonal transport via Microtubule and kinesins (40 mm/day) |
| transported along axon to NT by slow anterograde transport (0.5-5mm/day) | Small mol |
| Symptoms of botulinum toxicity | Diplopia, ptosis, dysphagia, dysarthria |
| provides cholinergic innervation to entire neocortex | Basal forebrain constellation |
| possess central Ach that contribute to drowsiness and grogginess patients experienced | Diphenyhydramine and Hydroxyzine |
| Drugs that are Acetylcholineterase inhibitors w/c prolongs action of Ach | Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine |
| enhance the activity of basal forebrain in response to dopamine | Nucleus Accumbens |
| contains chollinergic neurons that project to basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular formation and deep cerebrellar nuclei | Dorsolateral tegmentum of pons (pedunculopontine area) |
| Major func of pedunculopontine area | Regulation of forebrain activity during sleep |
