| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
| Urine is normally __% water and __% solutes, | 95 to 5% |
| Primary organic component. Product
of protein and amino acid
metabolism | Urea |
| Product of creatine metabolism by
muscles | Creatinine |
| Product of nucleic acid breakdown in
food and cells | Uric acid |
| Primary inorganic component. Found
in combination with sodium (table
salt) and many other inorganic
substances | Chloride |
| Combined with chloride and other
salts | Potassium |
| Combines with sodium to buffer the
blood | Phosphate |
| Regulates blood and tissue fluid
acidity | Ammonium |
| Combines with chloride, sulfate, and
phosphate | Calcium |
| a decrease in urine output | Oliguria |
| An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine is termed ___ | nocturia |
| an increase in
daily urine volume | Polyuria |
| results from a decrease in the production or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thus, the
water necessary for adequate body hydration is not reabsorbed
from the plasma filtrate. | Diabetes insipidus |
| Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within __ to __ hours. | 1 to 2 |
| A specimen that
cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be refrigerated or have an appropriate chemical preservative added. | True |
| The most routinely used method of preservation is? | refrigeration
at 2°C to 8°C |
| This is the most commonly received specimen because of
its ease of collection and convenience for the patient.
may be collected at any time
useful for routine screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities. | Random |
| ideal screening specimen
It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests
evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
deliver it to the laboratory within 2 hours or keep it refrigerated | First Morning Specimen |
| used to produce accurate
quantitative results
Quantitative chemical tests
Can be any of the following:
2 hours
12 hours
24 hours
afternoon
Fasting (second morning) | 24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen |
| This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing
a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder
The most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen is a bacterial culture. | Catheterized Specimen |
| As an alternative to the catheterized specimen, the midstream
clean-catch specimen
provides a safer, less traumatic method
for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis.
It provides a specimen that is less contaminated by epithelial
cells and bacteria and, therefore, is more representative of the
actual urine than the routinely voided specimen
For Routine screening | Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen |
| Occasionally urine may be collected by external introduction
of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder.
provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely
free of extraneous contamination. The specimen can also be
used for cytologic examination. | Suprapubic Aspiration |
| 2- Hour Post Prandial Urine Specimen | Used for screening and monitoring diabetes mellitus patients |
| Used for quantitative examination of urinary sediments | 12- hour Urine Specimen |
| Collected between 2PM-4PM
Best for determinatio of bilirubin and urobolinogen | Afternoon Urine Specimen |
| Used to check kidney function
Result obtained are quantified and are expressed as units per 24 hours | 24-hour Urine Specimen |
| he most vulnerable part of
a drug-testing program
May be "witnessed" or "unwitnessed" | Drug Specimen |
| the process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of
collection to the receipt of laboratory results. | chain of custody (COC) |
| Drug specimen should attain __ to __ mL of urine | 30-45 mL |
| Drug Specimen should be taken within __ minutes from the time collection | 4 minutes |
| Necessary to be tested for the presence of bacteria
Most hospital provides a sterile disposable urine container
Male and Female patients should be instructed to carefully collect desired urine specimen
Written instructions must be available | Midstream Clean- Catch |
| This type of specimen must contain all the urine produced by the patient in a 24 hour period.
Collection may usually begin at a designated morning hour | 24 hour-urine specimen |
| Urine specimen for bacteriological studies must not be preserved. | True |
| If the urine is not possibly tested within 1-2 hours, urine may be refrigerated at __c to __c for ___hours only. | 4c to 8c and 24 hours |
| Used by automated reagent strip readers
Measure the light reflected from the reagent strip color pads and compare the amount of reflected light with a known standard
The concentration of a specific substance and concentration units are displayed on the reader’s display | REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY |
| Identify sediment elements in a urine sample
measures sediment conductivity and light scatter
Conductivity is based upon the impedance of sediments and counts the numbers of pulses
Identification depends on how the light is scattered by the sediment. | LASER-BASED FLOW CYTOMETRY, IMPEDANCE & LIGHT SCATTER |
| Assesses SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Method based upon densitometry | HARMONIC OSCILLATION |
| Identifies specific sediments
Involves the movement of single urine sediments past the optics of a microscope to allow sediments to flow in several planes plane past the microscope objective
Questionable findings are viewed on a monitor for operator identification and confirmation | HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING |
| test for the chemical components of urine
read and interpret the reagent strip results consistently
Depending on the instrument and the reagent strip used, the following tests can be performed: leukocyte, nitrite, protein, blood, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, specific gravity, color, creatinine, and protein-to-creatinine ratio
confirmation testing or microscopic evaluation. | Semi-Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers |
| designed for a high-volume urinalysis laboratory with user walk-away capability
with the capability to insert a STAT specimen during the run
Color is measured by either reflectance photometry or spectrophotometry
Specific gravity is measured by refractive index methodology
clarity is a measurement of transmitted or scattered light | Fully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers |
| provide efficient standardized results in less than 1 minute
Two automated urine cell analyzers are currently available in the United States: the Sysmex UF-1000i and the iQ 200 from Iris Diagnostics. | Automated Microscopy |
| Uses laser-based flow cytometry that measures forward light scatter, side scatter, fluorescence staining characteristics, and adaptive cluster analysis to identify stained urine sediment particles
4 mL of uncentrifuged urine is aspirated
Resulting values are presented in quantitative cells per microliter and cells per high- or low-powered field.
Thresholds to be flagged for primary elements can be established and abnormal results are flagged for confirmatory review
The UF-1000i can be used independently or
integrated with an automated urine chemistry strip reader to
create a complete urinalysis system | Sysmex UF-1000i |
| Uses digital imaging and APR
Can be used for body fluid cell counts by adding the body fluids software
Mixes samples and aspirates approximately 1 mL of urine to a planar flow cell | iQ 200 |
| Combining automated urine chemistry analyzers and automated urine cell analyzers
Using similar sample racks and moving on a conveyor system, samples are easily transferred from one instrument to the next, providing a complete walkaway capability
can independently perform both physical and chemical testing, microscopy analysis, and a combination of both. | Automated Urinalysis Systems |
| cells are first mixed with reagent fixative and then counted
differentials counting enumerates numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils
automated cell counters use larger numbers of cells, enhancing precision and accuracy | Automated Body Fluid Analysis Systems |
| First automated instrument with an FDA-approved automated CSF assay | ADVIA120 Hematology System |
| SQA-V automates sperm counts and motility
has a two-channel measurement system that interacts with a specially designed testing capillary that contains the semen sample
In approximately 1 minute, thousands of signals are “read” resulting in exceptional accuracy and precision.
Automating the motility analysis eliminates reader subjectivity and variance among technologists | AUTOMATION OF SEMEN ANALYSIS |
| Quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is one such test that is interpreted by the VEDALAB Easy Reader.
Integrated software analyzes the images and records the results | AUTOMATION OF URINE PREGNANCY |
| Terminology used to describe the color of normal urine may differ slightly among laboratories but should be consistent within
each laboratory | Normal Urine Color |
| Urine color: Colorless
Cause? | Recent fluid
consumption |
| Urine color: Pale Yellow
Cause? | Polyuria or diabetes insipidus |
| Urine color: Dark yellow
Cause? | Concentrated specimen
B complex vitamins
Dehydration -fever or burns
Bilirubin- |
| Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results
for ? | Bilirubin |
| Negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence | Acriflavine |
| Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections | Nitrofurantoin |
| Urine color: Orange-yellow
Cause? | Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
Phenindione |
| Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infections | Phenazopyridine (Pyridium |
| Anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine | Phenindione |
| Urine color: Yellow-green
Cause? | Bilirubin oxidized to
biliverdin |
| Urine color: Green
Cause? | Pseudomonas infection |
| Urine color: Blue
Cause? | Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Clorets
Indican
Methylene blue
Phenol |
| Urine color: Pink
Cause? | RBCs |
| Urine color: Red
Cause? | Hemoglobin
Myoglobin-Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood;
muscle damage
Beets-Alkaline urine of genetically susceptible persons
Rifampin- Tuberculosis medication
Menstrual contamination- Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots |
| Urine color: Wine red
Cause? | Porphyrins |
| Urine color: Red-brown
Cause? | RBCs oxidized to
methemoglobin |
| Urine color: Brown
Cause? | Homogentisic acid
(alkaptonuria) |
| Urine color: Black
Cause? | Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen
Phenol derivatives
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Methyldopa or levodopa
Metronidazole (Flagyl) |
| If bilirubin is present, it will be detected during the chemical examination; however, its presence is suspected if ____ foam appears when the specimen is shaken | Yellow |
| Normal urine produces only a small amount
of rapidly disappearing foam when shaken, and a large amount
of white foam indicates an increased concentration of___. | Protein |
| Melanin is an oxidation product of the
colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when a
___ is present. | malignant melanoma |
| Red urine--Cloudy---means? | Red blood cells present (Hematuria) |
| Red urine-- Clear--Red plasma--mean? | Hemoglobinuria |
| Red urine-- Clear-- Clear plasma-- mean? | Myoglobinuria |
| Urine clarity has No visible particulates, transparent | Clear |
| Urine clarity has Few particulates, print easily seen through
urine | Hazy |
| Urine clarity has Many particulates, print blurred through
urine | Cloudy |
| Urine clarity Print cannot be seen through urine | Turbid |
| Urine clarity has May precipitate or be clotted | Milky |
| Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity | quamous epithelial cells
Mucus
Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
Semen, spermatozoa
Fecal contamination
Radiographic contrast media
Talcum powder
Vaginal creams |
| Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity | RBCs
WBCs
Bacteria
Yeast
Nonsquamous epithelial cells
Abnormal crystals
Lymph fluid
Lipids |
| Specific gravity of urine? | 0.010 |
| used to describe
urine with a specific gravity of 1.010 | isosthenuric |
| used to describe
urine with a specific gravity of below 1.010 | hyposthenuric |
| used to describe
urine with a specific gravity of above 0.010 | hypersthenuric |
| determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index | Refractometry |
| is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the
velocity of light in a solution. The concentration of dissolved
particles present in the solution determines the velocity and
angle at which light passes through a solution | Refractive
index |
| The refractometer provides the distinct advantage of determining specific gravity using a small volume of specimen
(one or two drops). | True |
| a drop of urine is placed
on the prism, the instrument is focused at a good light source,
and the reading is taken directly from the specific gravity scale.
The prism and its cover should be cleaned after each specimen
is tested. | refractometer |
| The refractometer is calibrated using ____that should read 1.000. | distilled water |
| HAS A principle of Changes in colligative properties by particle
number | Osmolality |
| HAS A principle of pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present | Reagent strip |
| has provided a convenient way to perform the routine urinalysis by eliminating the need for an additional procedure | Reagent Strip Specific Gravity |
| Although it is seldom of clinical significance and is not a part
of the routine urinalysis, urine odor is a noticeable physical
property. | True |
| Freshly voided urine has a faint ____ | aromatic odor |
| Freshly voided urine has a faint aromatic odor. As the specimen stands, the odor of ___ becomes more prominent. The breakdown of ___ is responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor | ammonia and urea |
| Urine Odor: Aromatic
Cause? | Normal |
| Urine Odor:Foul, ammonia-like
Cause? | Bacterial decomposition, urinary
tract infection |
| Urine Odor:Fruity, sweet
Cause? | Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting) |
| Urine Odor:Maple syrup
Cause? | Maple syrup urine disease |
| Urine Odor:Mousy
Cause? | Phenylketonuria |
| Urine Odor:Sweaty feet
Cause? | Isovaleric acidemia |
| Urine Odor:Cabbage
Cause? | Methionine malabsorption |
| Urine Odor: Bleach
Cause? | Contamination |
| The normal yellow color of urine is produced by: | Urochrome |
| The unit of osmolality measured in the clinical laboratory
is the | Osmole |
| Factors affecting uine color | a. Physical activities
b. Ingested materials
c. Metabolic function |
| Fully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers use either __________ or __________to measure color. | reflectance photometry; spectrophotometry |
| Semi-Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers are designed for a high-volume urinalysis laboratory with user walk-away capability. | False |
| Drug Specimen is the most vulnerable part of drug testing program and requires at least 50 mL of urine to be submitted in the laboratory | False (30-35mL) |
| Temperature for drug testing urine specimen must be taken within _ from time the of collection | 4 minutes |
