| Eukaryotic cells | - Animal, plant, algae and fungi cells |
| The structure of eukaryotic cells | - Cell-surface membrane
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts (in plants and algae)
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- Lysosomes
- Ribosomes
- Rough + smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Cell wall (in plants, algae and fungi)
- Cell vacuole (in plants) |
| The nucleus structure | - The nuclear envelope
- Nucleur pores
- Nucleoplasm
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus |
| The nuclear envelope | - Double membrane with endoplasmic reticulum
- Controls exit and entry of materials |
| Nuclear pores | - Allows passage of large molecules like mRNA |
| Nucleoplasm | - Granular jelly-like substance that makes up most of the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | - Consisits of DNA |
| Nucleolus | - Small spherical region
- Makes ribosomal RNA |
| The mitochondrion structure | - Double membrane
- Cristae, extensions of the inner membrane
- The matrix, contains enzymes involved in respiration |
| The mitochondrion function | - Site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP
- They are found in large numbers - very active, require lots of energy |
| Chloroplasts structure | - The chloroplast envelope, double membrane
- The grana make up thylakoids, thylakoids has chlorophyll
- Stroma, fluid-filled matrix, where second stage of photosynthesis occurs |
| How chloroplasts are adapted for its function | - The granal membranes, LSA for attachment of chlorophyll that attach to membrane in highly ordered fashion
- The stroma, has enzymes needed to make sugars in photosynthesis
- Has DNA + ribosomes, quickly make proteins for photosynthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum structure | - 3D sheet-like membranes in the cytoplasm
- The membranes have a network of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae |
| The two types of endoplasmic reticulum | - Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | - Has ribosomes on outer membrane surface
- LSA for synthesis of proteins + glycoproteins
- Provide a pathway for the transport of materials |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | - Lacks ribosomes on outer membrane surface
- More tubular
- Synthesises, stores and transports lipids + carbohydrates |
| Golgi apparatus | - Membrane-bound flattened sacs
- Vesicles are at the edges of the sacs |
| Golgi apparatus function | - It processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- Makes lysosomes |
| Golgi vesicles structure | - A small fluid-filled sac
- Surrounded by a membrane
- Made by the Golgi apparatus |
| Golgi vesicles function | - Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus
- Transports them out of cell |
| Lysosome structure | - A round organelle surrounded by a membrane
- No clear internal structure
- Type of Golgi vesicle |
| Lysosome function | - Has enzymes, lysozymes
- These separate from cytoplasm through the membrane
- Digests invading cells or worn out cell parts |
| Ribosome structure | - Very small organelle
- Made up of proteins and RNA
- Not surrounded by membrane |
| Ribosome function | - Protein synthesis |
| Cell wall structure | - Rigid
- Surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
- In plants + algae made from carbohydrate cellulose
- In fungi made of chitin |
| Cell wall function | - Supports cells
- Prevents cell from changing shape |
| Cell vacuole structure | - Membrane-bound, called tonoplast
- Found in cytoplasm of plant cells
- Contains cell sap, sugars and slats |
| Cell vacuole function | - Maintain pressure, keeping cell rigid
- This stops plants wilting
- Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals |
