| 430 BC, RECORDED IMMUNITY DURING THE PLAGUE IN ATHENS. | THUCYDIDES |
| 1000 AD, PRACTICED INHALATION OF POWDER FROM CRUSTS OF SMALLPOX LESION. | VARIOLATION BY CHINESE |
| PRACTICED INSERTION OF SMALLPOX “CRUSTS” THROUGH A PIN INTO THE SKIN. | EUROPE |
| CONSIDERED TO BE THE FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY. | LOUIS PASTEUR- |
| IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY ON ONE’S RESISTANCE TO INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND COMPOSED OF A LARGE COMPLEX SET OF WIDELY DISTRIBUTED ELEMENTS | IMMUNOLOGY |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES? | 1.T LYMPHOCYTES
2. B LYMPHOCYTES
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
| MEDIATORS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY | B LYMPHOCYTES |
| MEDIATORS OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY | T LYMPHOCYTES |
| CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY | NATURAL KILLER CELLS |
| THEY CAPTURE ANTIGENS FOR DISPLAY TO LYMPHOCYTES | ANTIGEN-REPRESENTING CELLS |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF ANTIGEN- REPRESENTING CELLS? | 1. DENDRITIC CELLS
2. MACROPAHGES
3. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS |
| THEY ARE THE INITIATION OF T CELL RESPONSES | DENDRITIC CELLS |
| INITIATION AND EFFECTOR PHASE OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY | MACROPHAGES |
| DISPLAY OF ANTIGENS TO B LYMPHOCYTES IN HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES | FOLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS |
| THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ANTIGENS | EFFECTOR CELLS |
| T CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES | T LYMPHOCYTES |
| CELLS OF THE MONONUCLEAR-PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM | MACROPHAGES |
| THEY CONSIST OF NEUTROPHILS, AND EOSINOPHILS | GRANULOCYTES |
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM | 1. DEFEND THE BODY FROM DISEASES (INFECTIOUS/ NON INFECTIOS)
2. RECOGNIZING THE “SELF” FROM “NONSELF”.
3. CREATE MEMORY |
| THEY ARE THE PHYSICAL BARRIER TO MANY MICROORGANISM. | UNBROKEN SKIN & MUCOSAL MEMBRANE- |
| IT IS THE UPPER LAYER OF SKIN | KERATINIZATION |
| THEY ARE FAST GROWTH, CONSTANT AND ARE PART OF THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE | EPITHELIAL CELLS- |
| FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE THAT DISALLOW PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS | NORMAL FLORA |
| FIRST LIEN OF DEFENSE THAT CONSISTS OF MUCUS, SEBUM, LACTIC ACID FROM SWEAT, URINE, STOOL, AND TEARS & SALIVA (LYSOZYME, IgA) | SECRETIONS |
| FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE THAT CONSIST OF ACIDITY FROM STOMACH AND VAGINA | pH |
| “NATURAL IMMUNITY”, INBORN OR INNATE, NON-SPECIFIC MECHANISM | SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE |
| THEY CONSIST OF MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, AND NEUTROPHILS | PHAGOCYTES |
| SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THAT ARE SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR CHANGES | INFLAMMATION |
| ENGULFMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF CELLS THAT CAN BE PART OF THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THAT IS SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF INFLAMMATION | ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- |
| “ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY”, ACQUIRED, SPECIFIC- AN EVOLVED MECHANISM OF THE BODY TO RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER, AND RESPOND TO A SPECIFIC STIMULUS, AN ANTIGEN. | THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE |
| ABILITY TO RESPOND MORE EFFECTIVELY IF REINFECTION WITH THE SAME MICROORGANISM OCCURS. | MEMORY |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY? | 1.CELLULAR- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
2. HUMORAL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
| RESPOND TO ANTIGENS PRESENTED BY ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APC). | T LYMPHOCYTE |
| T LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATES INTO? | 1. T- HELPER CELL
2. T- MEMORY CELL
3. CYTOTOXIC T-CELL |
| MOSTLY PHAGOCYTES, COLLECTS AND PRESENTS THE ANTIGEN COLLECTED FROM THE INFECTION SITE TO THE T LYMPHOCYTES. | ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL |
| MAIN APC, PROCESSES ANTIGEN FOR RECOGNITION BY
T CELLS. | DENDRITIC CELLS |
| RESPOND FROM ACTIVATION BY T- HELPER CELLS | B LYMPHOCYTES |
| PRODUCES A PROTEIN CALLED IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES) | B LYMPHOCYTES |
| B LYMPHOCYTES DIFFERENTIATES INTO: | 1. MEMORY B CELLS-
2. PLASMA CELLS
3. T CELL- INDEPENDENT B- LYMPHOCYTES |
| IT IS A TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT IS FOR STORAGE | MEMORY B CELS |
| TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT PRODUCES THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS | PLASMA CELLS |
| TYPE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT IS ACTIVATED DIRECTLY BY MICROORGANISM. | T CELL- INDEPENDENT B- LYMPHOCYTE- |
| ACTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE FOREIGN MATERIAL. | HUMORAL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
| PRODUCED BY B- LYMPHOCYTES.
ONLY PROTEIN NOT PRODUCED BY THE LIVER.
MAIN ROLE IS TO CLEAVE TO THE ANTIGEN (HENCE THE NAME)
TO PREVENT IT FROM ATTACHING TO HEALTHY CELLS
PHAGOCYTES WILL BE ABLE TO DIGEST THE ANTIGEN MORE EASILY
PREVENT FURTHER INFECTION | ANTIBODIES |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF HUMORAL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY | ACTIVE IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
| ACQUIRED THROUGH EXPOSURE. ACTIVATES THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT INDIVIDUAL. | ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
| TYPE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS EXPOSURE TO NATURAL INFECTION OR REGULAR SERIES OF INFECTIONS. EX. COLDS, WOUND, COUGH | NATURAL-ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
| TYPE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS EXPOSURE TO HUMAN-MADE ANTIGENS. EX. VACCINATION | ARTIFICIAL- ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
| TYPE OF HUMORAL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY THAT IS ACQUIRED WHEN A PERSON IS GIVEN ANTIBODIES RATHER THAN PRODUCING THEM BY HIS/ HER OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM. | PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
| TYPE OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS ACHIEVED THROUGH TRANSFER OF ANTIBODIES FROM MOTHER TO BABY. EX. BREASTFEED, MATERNAL PLACENTAL CIRCULATION | NATURAL- PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
| TYPE OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY THAT IS ACQUIRED BY INFUSION OF ANTIBODY OR LYMPHOCYTE RICH PLASMA/ SERUM FROM ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED INDIVIDUAL. EX. BLOOD TRANFUSION BY APHERESIS, CONVALESCENT PLASMA, ANTI-RABIES | ARTIFICIAL- PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
| ACTIVATED IMMEDIATELY AFTER INFECTION | INNATE |
| ORGANIZED AROUND TWO CLASSES OF CELLS CALLD THE B AND T LYMPHOCYTES | ADAPTIVE |
| MOLECULES ASSOCIATED WITH GROUPS OF ANTIGEN THAT ARE RECOGNIZED BY CELLS FROM THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. | PATHOGEN- ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMP) |
| RECOGNIZES THE PAMP | PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRR) |
| MOLECULES PRESENT IN BLOOD CIRCULATION THAT TRIGGERS THE COMPLEMENT CASCADE. | SECRETED PRR |
| CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS THAT BINDS PATHOGEN | PHAGOCYTOSIS RECEPTOR |
| SET OF RECEPTORS FOUND IN DENDRITIC, MACROPHAGE.
EX.
TLR 1- BINDS TO PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF GRAM(+) BACTERIA
TLR 2- BINDS TO LIPOPROTEINS OF GRAM(- ) BACTERIA | TOLL- LIKE RECEPTORS |
| A substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody or a T lymphocyte antigen receptor but may not be able to evoke an immune response initially | ANTIGEN |
| In reality, all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens | TRUE |
| Foreign substances can be _______ or antigenic if their membrane or molecular components contain(s) structures recognized as foreign by the immune system. | IMMUNOGENIC |
| Capable of provoking a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune
response | IMMUNOGENIC OR ANTIGENIC |
| A part of an antigen,reacts specifically with an antibody or T lymphocyte receptor | EPITOPE |
| The cellular membrane of mammalian cells consists chemically of proteins, _______, cholesterol, and traces of_______. | PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND POLYSACCHARIDES |
| The MHC is divided into four major regions: | D, B, C, and A. |
| The classic or class Ia genes that code for class I molecules. | A, B, and C regions |
| Codes for class II molecules | The D region |
| Includes HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C | Class I |
| Encoded in the HLA-D region and can be subdivided into three families, HLA-DR, HLA-DC (DQ), and HLA-SB (DP) | Class II gene region |
| It has a function as targets of T lymphocytes that regulate the immune response | CLASS 1 AND 2 MOLECULES |
| Regulate interaction between cytolytic T cells and target cells | CLASS I MOLECULES |
| Restrict the activity of regulatory T cells. It regulate the interaction between helperT cells and antigen-presenting cells(APCs). | CLASS II MOLECULES |
| When foreign RBC antigens are introduced to a host, a______ or ________ of the fetus and newborn can result. | TRANSFUSION REACTION OR HEMOLYTIC DISEASE |
| Antigens, or immunogens, are usually____ organic molecules
that are proteins or large polysaccharides and, rarely, if ever,
_____. | LARGE AND LIPIDS |
| It is an excellent antigens because of their high molecular weight and structural complexity | PROTEINS |
| Are considered inferior antigens because of their relative simplicity and lack of structural stability. | LIPIDS |
| However, when lipids are linked to proteins or polysaccharides, they may function as ? | ANTIGENS |
| Are poor antigens because of relative simplicity, molecular
flexibility, and rapid degradation | NUCLEIC ACID |
| They can be produced by artificially stabilizing them and linking
them to an immunogenic carrier. | Anti–nucleic acid antibodies |
| Are considered too small to function as antigens. | CARBOHYDRATES (POLYSACCHARIDES) |
| The response to immunization can be enhanced by a number of
agents, collectively called? | ADJUVANT |
| One of the best-known emulsifying agents in vaccine studies is _______complete adjuvant. | Freund’s |
| It is a substance, distinct from antigen, that enhances T cell activation by promoting the accumulation of APCs at a site of antigen exposure and by enhancing the expression of costimulators and cytokines by the APCs. | ADJUVANT |
| The degree to which antigenic determinants are
recognized as nonself by an individual’s immune system. | Foreignness |
| The immunogenicity of a molecule depends to a great extent on its
degree of | Foreignness |
| For an antigen to be recognized as foreign by an individual’s
immune system, sufficient antigens to stimulate an immune
response must be present.Foreign molecules are rapidly
destroyed and thus cannot provide adequate antigenic exposure | Degradability |
| The higher the MW,the better the molecule will function as an
antigen. The number of antigenic determinants on a molecule
is directly related to its size | Molecular Weight |
| If a molecule is an effective antigen,_______ is mandatory .Their ______ of an antigen is important in cases where the goal is to elicit a patient antibody response when adminstering a vaccine. | structural stability |
| The more complex an antigen, the greater is its effectiveness.
Complex proteins are better antigens than large repeating
polymers such as lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids,which
are relatively poor antigens. | Complexity |
| Antibodies are specific proteins referred to as _______. | IMMUNOGLOBULINES |
| Many antibodies can be isolated in the gamma globulin
fraction of protein by? | Electrophoresis separation |
| The term immunoglobulin (Ig) has replaced ______ because
not all antibodies have gamma electrophoretic mobility | gamma globulin |
| The primary function of an antibody in body defenses is to
_____ with antigen,which may be enough to _______ bacterial toxins or some viruses. | COMBINE AND NEUTRALIZE |
| Five distinct classes of immunoglobulin molecules are recognized in most higher mammals, which are: | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE. |
| Immunoglobulin M accounts for about ___ % of the Ig pool and is
largely confined to the ______pool because of its large size. | 10% and intravascular |
| IgM is effective in what reactions? | agglutination and cytolytic |
| In humans,IgM is found in smaller concentrations than Ig__ or Ig__. | IgG or IgA |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS PRODUCED EARLY IN IMMUNE RESPONSE | IMMUNOGLOBULIN M |
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN M IS A PENTAMERE: FIVE BASIC SUB UNIT LINKED BY? | DISULFIDE BONDS |
| The major immunoglobulin in normal serum | IgG |
| It diffuses more readily than other immunoglobulins into the extravascular spaces and _____toxins or binds to microorganisms in
extravascular spaces. | IgM and Neutralizes |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT CAN CROSS THE PLACENTA AND EXTRAVASCULAR SPACES | IgG |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS 70-75% IN IG POOL | IgG |
| Represents 15% to 20% of the total circulatory Ig pool. | IgA |
| Predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears,saliva, colostrum, milk, and intestinal fluids. | Secretory IgA |
| A glycoprotein that binds with IgA to protect IgA from digestion | SECRETORY PIECE |
| If produced by cells in the intestinal wall, ____ may pass directly into the intestinal lumen or diffuse into the blood circulation. | IgA |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS MAINLY FOUND IN THE MEMBRANE OF B CELLS | IMMUNOGLOBULIN D |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS VERY LOW CONCENTRATION ABOUT LESS THAN 1% | IMMUNOGLOBULIN D |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH IgM | IgD |
| A trace plasma protein found in the blood plasma of unparasitized individuals | IgE |
| TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN THAT E is
crucial because it mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis and is generally
responsible for an individual’s immunity to invading parasites | IgE |
| Immunoglobulin that is responsible for immunity against parasitic infection | IgE |
| Type of immunoglobulin that mediates the release of histamines and heparin when bound with basophils and ______. | IgE and Mast cells |
| The basic unit of an antibody structure is? | homology unit, or domain. |
| A monomeric antibody, classic example is IgG has ___parts when seperated by ____enzyme: 2Fab and 1 ___ | 3 parts, PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME, Fc |
| ANTIGEN-BINDING FRAGMENTS: LOCATION OF ANTIGEN BINDING | Fab |
| CRYSTALLIZABLE FRAGMENTS: ATTACHES TO CELL RECEPTORS (HOMOGENOUS) | Fc |
| INITIAL FORCE OF ATTRACTION THAT EXIST BETWEEN A SINGLE Fab. | AFFINITY |
| THE FUNCTIONAL COMBINING STRENGTH OF AN ANTIBODY TO ITS ANTIGEN | AVIDITY |
| NON COVALENT COMBINATION OF ANTIBODY WITH ITS RESPECTIVE ANTIGEN | IMMUNE COMPLEXES |
| SMALL COMPLEXES | SOLUBLE |
| LARGE COMPLEXES: NECESSARY FOR REMOVAL BY PHAGOCYTES | PRECIPITATING |
| RESULTS FROM SOME INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS OF ANTIGEN AND AMINO ACIDS OF THE BINDING SITE | ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN BONDING |
| MAJOR BOND EXCLUSION OF WATER MOLECULE DURING INTERACTION TO MAKE IT MORE STABLE | HYDROPHOBIC BONDS |
| FORMATION OF HYDROGEN BRIDGES BETWEEN MOLECULES | HYDROGEN BONDS |
| FORCE GENERATED BY ELECTRON CLOUD AND HYDROPHOBIC BONDS. VERY WEAK BONDS | VAN DER WAALS FORCES |
| WHEN TWO AMINO ACID OF OPPOSITE CHARGE FORM A BONDING | ELECTROSTATIC FORCES |
| PURIFIED ANTIBODY MADE FROM A CLONE OF SINGLE CELL (MAbs) | MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY |
| TWO "Y" SHAPED | DIMERIC |
| ONE "Y" SHAPED | MONOMERIC |
| DIFFERENCES OF EACH TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF THE SAME SPECIE | ISOTYPE |
| THE DIFFERENCE OF SAME TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES. MOSTLY IN Fc PORTION | ALLOTYPE |
| THE DIFFERENCE OF SAME TYPE OF ANTIBODY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES. MOSTLY IN Fab PORTION | IDIOTYPE |
| PROLIFERATION OF LYMPHOCYTES DURING IMMUNE RESPONSE. | CLONAL SELECTION- |
| SELECTION OF PROPER LYMPHOCYTE TO BE CLONED. TAKE AROUND __TO __ DAYS IN THE COURSE OF INFECTION FOR NUMBER OF CLONES TO SUFFIECIENTLY PRODUCE ENOUGH ANTIBODY. | 5 TO 7 |
| FOLLOWS ANTIBODY PHASES OF PRODUCTION. | PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE |
| HAS A SHORTER DURATION OF PHASES AS COMPARED TO THE PRIMARY. | SECONDARY OR ANAMNESTIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE |
| ABILITY OF AN ANTIBODY TO COMBINE WITH A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN.
RESIDE IN THE Fab PORTION OF ANTIBODY
THE CLOSER THE FIT, THE HIGHER THE AFFINITY | SPECIFICITY |
| HAPPENS WHEN A CERTAIN MICROORGANISM THAT POSSESS A SAME POLYSACCHARIDE IN A CELL WALL AS HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE. | CROSS REACTIVITY: |
| COMBINATION OF SOLUBLE ANTIBODY AND SOLUBLE ANTIGEN TO PRODUCE AN INSOLUBLE COMPLEXES THAT ARE VISIBLE | PRECIPITATION |
| REACTION OF ANTIBODY WITH THE ANTIGEN PRESENT IN THE RBC. | HEMOLYSIS |
| ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY- IN VITRO TESTING SYTEM THAT MEASURES IMMUNE COMPLEXES. | ELISA |
| DIFFERENCE OF ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE NET CHARGE AT THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE CHARGE AT THE SURFACE OF THE SHEAR | ZETA POTENTIAL |
| DISCOVERED HOW TO FUSE A LYMPHOCYTE TO PRODUCE A CELL LINE THAT IS BOTH IMMORTAL AND PRODUCER OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODY. | KOHLER, MILSTEIN AND JERNE |
| PURIFIED ANTIBODY MADE FROM A CLONE OF SINGLE CELL. (MAbs) | MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY |
