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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Many variables used by ﬁeld epidemiologists can be	categorical variables
are three frequency measures that are used to characterize the occurrence of health events in a population.	incidence, prevalence, mortality rates
categorical variables have to be summarized with	frequency measure
Common frequency measures are:	absolute count, ratio, proportion, rate
A measure of central location provides a single value that summarizes an entire distribution of data.	frequency measure
frequency measure also known as	tools of demography
Simple counts of events	Absolute count
A number that shows the relationship between two numbers in which one is divided by the other.	Ratio
In the language of indicators, the term _______ is reserved for measures wherein the numerator is not a part of denominator.	ratio
When a proportion is multiplied by 100, it is called a	percentage
A special type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator	Proportion
Refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval of time relative to the total person time of exposure/ at risk.	Rate
Crude rates denominator is	Total population
Specific rates denominator is	Population of subgroups
Constructed to permit fair comparison between 2 groups which diﬀer in some important characteristics	Adjusted Standardized rates
The rate describes the total population, which is used as the denominator in the computation	crude rates
Describes only a speciﬁc sub – group of the total population.	specific rates
The denominator include only those belonging to the sub – group being studied.	specific rates
population who become ill	incidence
ill at the given time	prevalence
Also known as attack rate	incidence proportion or cummulative incidence
It is the proportion disease of free individuals who contract the disease within a speciﬁed period of time.	incidence proportion or cummulative incidence
Measures the average risk of developing the disease.	incidence proportion
Assume a ﬁxed population and no completing risks	incidence proportion
The period/ duration of exposure of all subjects to the exposure factor are the same for all subjects.	fixed population
It measures the rate at which new cases occur	incidence rate or incidence density
incidence rate or density answer the question?	how fast the disease occur
Measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population at a particular point in time.	point prevalence
Useful in describing the magnitude of chronic conditions existing in a population at a point in time	point prevalence
Measures the residuals of an illness	point prevalence
Does not measure the risk of developing the disease	point prevalence
Refers to prevalence measured over an interval of time	period prevalence
It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute at any during the interval.	period prevalence
It measures the frequency of occurrence of death in a deﬁned population during a speciﬁed interval	Mortality rate
is the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population.	crude mortality
It is mortality rate from specified cause for a population.	cause-specific mortality rate
Measures the proportion of total deaths occurring in a particular population group or from particular cause.	proportionate mortality
Aﬀected by the nature of the disease, diagnostic ascertainment and level of reporting in the population.	case fatality rate
Time element not annual duration of the particular disease	case fatality rate
Maternal mortality ratio reflects the level of	obstetric risk
Measures the occurrence of maternal deaths.	maternal mortality ratio
include deaths from 28 days of life to less than one year.	Post – neonatal Mortality Ratio
deaths under 28 days of life.	neonatal mortality ratio