| label and draw a chloroplast (8) | Grana = increase sa: vol ratio
Thylakoid = makes up grana has ETP and ATP synthase for photophosphorylation. Has max H gradient
double membrane structure = endosymbiosis
photosystem 1 and 2 with pigments for max light absorption
stroma: enzymes and pH for Calvin cycle
lamellae = connects and separates grans for max efficiency
70s ribosomes
circular and naked dna |
| What does the light dependent reactions produce? | ATP and NADPH |
| What are the steps for the light dependent reaction? (6) | 1) P1 and P2 electrons get excited w light energy = transferred to carrier molecule
2) excited electrons from p2 transferred to ETC used to translocate H+ into thylakoid
3) proton motive force (chemiosmosis) produces ATP with ATP synthase using ADP and Pi
4) de-energised electrons from p2 move to p1
5) NADP+ reduced into NADPH with excited electrons from p1
6) electrons from P2 are replaced with electrons from photolysis of water |
| What are the electrons in p2 used for? | ETC to produce ATP with ATP synthase and chemiosmosis of H+ using ADP and Pi |
| What are the electrons in p1 used for? | to reduce NADP into NADPH (hydrogen carrier) |
| How are electrons in p2 replaced? | with photolysis of water, when water is split with light energy into 2H+ O2 and 2e- |
| How are electrons in P1 replaced? | with deenergised electrons from p2 |
| what is photoactivation? | release of high energy electrons |
| What wavelength does p2 absorb? | 680 nm |
| What wavelength does p1 absorb? | 700 nm |
| What happens during cyclic photophosphorylation? what is needed? what is not needed? (5) | only ps1
no water needed
o2 not made
NADPH not made
excited electron = ETC = ATP
used for extra ATP for cell energy |
| What happens during non-cyclic photophosphorylation? what is used? what is the purpose? (4) | PS1 and PS2
photolysis of water
o2 made
NADPH made
used for making organic compounds |
| What happens during the light independent reaction? | calvin cycle |
| what are the steps of the calvin cycle? | 1) Carbon fixation = Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP 5c) is catalyzed with rubisco to attach CO2
2) 6C two glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) formed
= 3 RuBP + 3CO2 = 6GP
3) GP reduced into TP triose phosphate with 6NADPH (H atoms) and 6ATP (energy) for 6GP
4) RuBP remade = 1 TP = 1/2 glucose so 2 cycles needed
5) 5 TP used to remake RuBP (5C molecule) using 3 ATP |
| Which enzyme is used in calvin cycle? | rubisco is used to catalyse the attachment of co2 to ribulose biphospate Rubp |
| How many carbons are there in RUbP? | 5 |
| What was calvins experiment? what substances were used? how were the different stages of the calvin cycle shown? (5) | Radioactive C14 in HCO3 ion solution incorporated in photosynthesis
after diff time periods algae killed by adding to heated alcohol
dead algal samples were analyzed with 2D chromatography
separated different carbon compounds made
showed diff stages of calvin cycle |
