| how are NAD+ and FAD+ reduced? | NADH
FADH2
+2H+ + 2E- |
| What is phosphorylation? | adding a phosphate group to a molecule to make it less stable more reactive and prevents it from diffusing back |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytoplasm |
| What are the steps of glycolysis? (4) | 1) phosphorylation = uses 2 atp to make glucose more reactive and prevents diffusion = hexose bisphosphate
2) lysis = 6c into two 3C triose phosphates
3) oxidation = H atoms removed for oxidation of 2NAD+ into 2NADH
4) 2 ATP formed w substrate level phosphorylation
2 pyruvates |
| What happens during the link reaction? what is added and what is lost: what is formed? how many times does it happen (5) | decarboxylated = loses 1c to form co2
loses 2H+ to reduce NAD+
Coenzyme A CoA added to form acetyl CoA
pyruvate (3c) = acetyl coA (2c)
happens twice for each glucose (bec 2 pyruvates per glucose) |
| What happens during krebs cycle? what is removed? what is formed? how many times does it happen (5) | acetyl coA (2C) = oxaloacetate (4c) = citrate (6c)
2 carbons released w decarboxylation (4CO2)
6 NADH and 2 FADH2
= 4atp
occurs twice |
| Where does krebs cycle happen? | mitochondrial matrix |
| Where does ETC happen? | inner membrane (Cristae) |
| What happens in ETC to make atp? | releases energy stored in H carriers (oxidative phosphorylation |
| What are the steps of the ETC? | 1) Proton motive force = NADH + FADH2 oxidised to release electrons and protons
electron energy used to pump h+ from matrix
proton buildup in intermembrane space
2) ATP made with chemiosmosis of H+ with ATP synthase = made with ADP + Pi
3) oxygen reduced = removes de energized electrons and free protons to form water and maintain H+ gradient |
| Label a mitochondria (5) | cristae =folds to increase surface area to volume ratio
intermembrane space = max H gradient
inner membrane = ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation
matrix = enzymes and pH for krebs cycle
outer membrane = transport proteins for pyruvates |
