| Microorganisms | naturally present on and in the human body and in the environment (tiny usually microscopic, entities capable of carrying on living processes) |
| Infection Prevention and Control | Policies and procedures to minimize the spread of health care associated or Community acquired infections |
| asepsis | the absence of pathogenic microorganisms |
| medical asepsis | known as the clean technique |
| surgical asepsis | known as the sterile technique |
| chain of infection | infection agent, reservoir, portal of exit, method of transmission, portal of entry, host |
| what is an effective way to disrupt the chain of infection | medical asepsis |
| disinfection | the use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms |
| Antiseptic | a substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganism and may be used humans |
| aerobic bacteria | grows only in the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic | bacteria grows only in the absence of oxygen |
| spore | a round body that is formed by the bacterium when conditions are unfavorable for growth of the bacterium |
| some -------- have the ability to for capsules around the cell wall | bacteria |
| bacillus anthracis | causes the acute infectious disease of anthrax |
| what are the three forms of anthrax infection | cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation |
| what are the smallest known agents to cause disease | viruses |
| reservoir | any natural habitat of a micrograms that promotes growth and reproduction |
| carrier or vector | is a person or animal that does not become ill but harbors and spreads organisms, causing disease in others |
| vehicle | is the means by which microorganisms are carried about and transported to the next host |
| Contamination | means a condition of being soiled, stained, touched by, or otherwise exposed to harmful agents |
| Formite | the vehicle has an inanimate(nonliving) object |
| what should be kept clean, intact and lubricated to help prevent a entrance or exit route of microorganisms? | Skin its the first line of defense |
| Host | is an organism in which another organism is nourished and harbored |
| what are a few factors that affect immunologic defense mechanism? | chemo, disease process, environment, fatigue, lifestyle, radiation, stress, trauma etc |
| what are the normal defense mechanisms against infection? | skin, mouthfeels, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, vagina |
| what can a nurse do by knowing the chain of infection | intervene and prevent infection from happening |
| virulence | disease causing power |
| localized | superficial wound infection |
| systemic | an infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part & has the potential to be fatal |
| inflammation | the body response to injury or infection at the cellular level |
| wha does inflammation do | delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to interstitial tissues in the area of an injury |
| rubor | rednesss |
| leukocytosis | increased white blood cell count |
| malaise | generalized discomfort |
| Health care-associated infection(HAI) (used to be nosocomial) | infections patients get while undergoing treatment in a healthcare facility |
| CLABSI | Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections |
| CAUTIs | catheter associated urinary tract infections |
| SSIs | surgical site infections |
| VAP | Ventilator associated infections |
| virulent | (exceedingly pathogenic) which makes them more likely places for infection |
| what makes people more susceptible to pathogens? | weakened immune system from diseases, invasive procedures |
| Exogenous | (growing outside the body) infection is caused by microorganisms from another person |
| endogenous | (growing within the body) is caused by patients own microorganisms |
| infection control nurse | advise hospital personnel on the development and implementation of safe patient care and monitoring infection in health care agencies |
| Centers for Disease Control an Prevention (CDC) | provides facilities and services for investigation, prevention, and control of disease |
| Standard precautions | guidelines from the CDC to reduce risk of blood borne pathogens and and pathogens from moist body substances ( microorganisms from both recognized and unrecognized) |
| What does hand hygiene do? | most important and basic preventive technique that healthcare workers can use to interrupt the infection process |
| how many tiers of precaution | 2 first tier is standard precaution second tier is transmission precaution |
| Transmission precaution | airborne, droplet, contact |
| Antiseptic is also known as what | bacteriostatic (bacterio means microorganisms, static means referring to that which can't move or grow) |
| cleaning | removal of foreign materials, such as soils & organic material, from an object |
| disinfection | is used to destroy microorganisms |
| sterilization | refers to the methods used to kill all microorganisms, including spores |
| what are the two types of sterilization | physical which uses heat or radiation, chemical which uses chemicals |
| Hygiene | includes care of not only the skin but also the hair, hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, back and perineum |
| personal hygiene | self care measures people use to maintain health and prevent disease |
| pathogenic | disease producing microorganisms |
| what is the recommended room temperature for patients | 68-74 |
| what is necessary to keep stale air and odors from lingering in a room | good ventilation |
| fowlers | head of bed raised 45-90 degrees |
| high fowler | semi sitting up to full upright position |
| semi fowlers or low fowlers | head of bed raised to 30 degrees |
| trendelenburgs | entire bed tilted downward toward head of bed |
| reverse trendelenburgs | entire bed tilted down towards foot of bed |
| ROM | normal movement that any given joint is capable of making |
| vertigo | dizziness |
| syncope | fainting |
| what is an option to relieve tension or lower body temperature | cool water bath |
| hot water bath | helps relieve muscle soreness and muscle spasms |
| sitz bath | cleanses and aids in reducing inflammation of the peri area or anal areas areas of patients who have had rectal/ vaginal surgery or given child birth |
| canthus | corner oof eyes |
| axilla | the underarm area or armpit |
| umbilicus | the depressed point in the middle of the abdomen |
| prone position | laying face down |
| sims position | side laying position |
| supine | laying face up |
| febrile | condition characterized by an elevated body temp |
| intact skin | is the first line of defense against infection by invasion of pathogenic organisms |
| turgor | elastic and firm |
| pressure injury | localized damage to the skin and or underlying soft tissue usually over bony prominence or related to medical or there device |
| pressure injury stage 1 | is localized area of skin, typically over boney promin, that is intact with nonblanchable redness |
| stage 2 pressure injury | involves partial- thickness loss of dermis, it appears as shallow open injury |
| stage 3 pressure injury | Involves full thickness tissue loss, in which subcutaneous fat is sometimes visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle are no exposed |
| stage 4 pressure injury | Involves full tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, cartilage or muscle |
| unstageable pressure injury | involves full thickness tissue loss, a wound base covered by slough ( yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) or black |
| suspected deep tissue pressure injury | the wound appears as localized purple or maroon area of discolored intact skin or a blood-filled blister |
| vasodilation | increased blood flow to the area of the body being treated |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of the blood vessels |
| oral hygiene | care of the oral cavity helps maintain a healthy state of mouth, teeth, gums and lips |
| dentures | a set of artificial teeth not permanently fix or implanted |
| Anticoagulant therapy | medications that increase the tendency to bleed |
| labia majora | large fold or lips |
| labia minora | small folds or lips |
| circumorbital | circular area around the eye |
| cerumen | ear wax |
| defecation | eliminating feces |
| sentinel event | an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury or the risk thereof |
| safety reminder device (SRD) | any part of the numerous devices used to immobilize a patient or part of the patients body such as arms or hands |
| elopement | leaving the healthcare facility without permission or necessary supervision |
| Hazard Communication Act - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | Federal organization that provides guidelines to help reduce safety hazards in the workplace |
| RACE | Rescue, Activate, Confine, Extinguish |
| PASS | Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep |
| Poison | Any substance that is harmful to your body when ingested inhaled, injected, or absorbed through the skin |
| Disaster situation | Uncontrollable, unexpected, psychologically shocking event that is unique and likely to have a significant impact on a variety of health care facilities |
| disaster manual | specifies chain of command, callback procedures, assignment procedures, patient evacuation procedure and routes |
| Codes | a system of notification to be transmitted rapidly |
| Terrorism | is a violent or dangerous act used to intimidate or coerce a person or government to further a political or social agenda |
| Bioterrorism | is the use of biologic agents to create fear and threaten |
| High Risk Syndromes for Bioterrorism examples | Anthrax, Botulsim, Plague, Smallpox |
| anthrax | acute infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore- forming, gram-positive bacillus |
| Botulism | caused by Clostridium botulinum, an encapsulated anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces a potent neuroparalytic |
| plague | and acute bacterial disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis |
| small pox | acute chronic illness caused by the virus Variola |
| epidemic | disease that emerges rapidly at an uncharacteristic time or in unusual pattern |
| Dirty Bomb | Radiation-dispersal device that couples nuclear waste with a conventional bomb |
| the use of SRDs tend to increase what? | restlessness, disorientation, agitation, anxiety & feeling powerlessness |
| orthostatic hypotension | a drop of bp and causes dizziness |
| Cerebrovascular and Central Nervous System | cerebral edema, hyperpyrexia, hypotension, confusion and disorientation |
| Gastrointestinal | loss of mucosal barrier and cells that line intestine, which results in fluid and electrolyte loss, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, melena, loss of normal flora, sepsis |
| Hematopoietic | deficiency of white blood cells and platelets, which lead to bleeding, anemia, infections, impaired wound healing, and immunodeficiency |
| how is a patient contaminated by radiation? | clothing, ingesting, or by absorbing it through a skin opening |
| how is radiation measured | Gray (Gy) = to 100 rads |
| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
| DOE | Department of Energy |
| DOT | Department Of Transportation |
| 0.75 Gy if absorbed | patients usually do not have symptoms |
| an absorption of 8Gy or 30Gy | absorbing 8 Gy usually die, absorb 30Gy is always fatal |
| Gross Decontamination | continuous shower if low-volume and high-volume water and removal of the patients clothing |
| Formal decontamination | Incorporate several steps in the cleaning process, including water spray, cleaning solution and scrubbing patient with brushes |
| Fine Decontamination | performed in isolated area includes cleaning of eyes, ears, and fingernails and inspecting body orifices and swabbing mucous membranes of the mouth |
| What are disasters referred to (2 categories) | external disasters, or internal disaster |
| External Disaster | originates outside the facility ( explosion in chemical plant, tornado, train accident etc) |
| Internal Disaster | internal disaster represents extraordinary situation that is brought about by events within the healthcare facility such as fire |
| Overt | announced |
| covert | Unannounced |
| endemic | the expected or normal incidence native to or occurring naturally to a specific area or environment |
| Botulism forms | food borne is most common, airborne and wound are other forms of botulism |
| Active shooter | an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in confined and populated area |
| Infectious Agent | Pathogenic microorganisms |
| Reservoir | Infected individual or animal |
| Exit Route | Secretions, feces, blood, urine |
| Method of Transmission | Hand, contaminated food, air droplets, contaminated needle |
| Entrance | Mouth, break in skin and mucous membrane |
| Host | another person |
