| According to the "National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research", the general principles of research conduct include: | Research Merit and Integrity Justice Beneficence Respect |
| What is the research merit and integrity aspect of the values and principles of ethical conduct? | The level of merit which can be achieved through the conduction of the research, the integrity of the researchers conducting the research, and the justification of ethical human involvement in the research. |
| What is the Justice aspect of the values and principles of ethical conduct? | A fair distribution of the benefits of participation in research |
| What is the Beneficence aspect of the values and principles of ethical conduct? | Considering a participant's welfare and doing or producing good. |
| What is the Respect aspect of the values and principles of ethical conduct? | Values human autonomy and requires researchers to respect welfare, beliefs, perceptions, customs, cultural heritage of participants as well as their privacy, confidentiality and cultural sensitivities. |
| Define Null Hypothesis | The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. |
| Define Alternative Hypothesis | The alternative hypothesis is what the researcher might believe to be true or hope to prove true. |
| What is standard deviation? | Measures the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of sample data around the mean. |
| What is a P-value? | A P-value indicates the strength of the data and determines the significance of the results by testing the validity of the null hypothesis. |
| What does a small P-value (P<0.05) indicate? | A small P-value indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between groups, which provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis. |
| What does a large P-value (P>0.05) indicate? | A large P-value indicates the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because there is no significant difference between groups. |
| Define a Two-way ANOVA | A Two-way ANOVA is used to determine how a response is influenced by two factors. |
| Define Pearsons Correlation? | Pearsons Correlation is used when you want to determine the relationship between two continuous variables, (e.g. if HR and BP are related). |
| What is the difference between T-test (Unpaired) and T-test (Paired)? | An unpaired t-test compares the means of two independent or unrelated groups (e.g. diabetic vs healthy patients). A paired t-test is designed to compare the means of the same group or item under two separate scenarios (e.g. same subjects before and after drug treatment). |
| What is the difference between an One-Way ANOVA and a One-Way ANOVA (repeated measures)? | The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups. (e.g. Blood glucose in patients that are healthy, diabetic and diabetic +drug) A One-Way ANOVA (repeated measures) utilizes the same subjects over multiple tests to determine whether three or more group means are different. (e.g. blood glucose in patients before and after treatment of drug A and drug B) |
| What is power in statistics? | Power represents the number or fraction of experiments in which you will find a statistically significant difference. An experiment with high power will have a high chance of finding a statistical difference where there is one. |
| What are the different types of statistical error? | Type 1 Errors - occurs when a null hypothesis that is actually true is rejected, due to differences occurring by chance (i.e. false-positive) Type 2 Errors - occurs when a false null hypothesis is accepted, caused by random sampling of data (i.e. false-negative). |
