| immovable | Synarthrosis is what kind of joint? |
| Slightly movable | Amphiarthrosis is what kind of joint? |
| Freely moveable | Diarthrosis is what kind of joint? |
| Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial | Three STRUCTURAL classifications of joints |
| No joint cavity; bones held by CT
Sutures hold together with thin dense CT
Synarthrotic in adults and amphiarthrotic in children | FIBROUS sutures is held together by what? Syn, Amph, or Diar? |
| more fibrous CT than in suture; fibrous CT forms n INTEROSSEUS membrane or ligament
Amphiarthrotic
Interosseus membrane between radius and ulna & tibia and fibia | FIBROUS Syndesmosis is held together by what? Syn, Amph, or Diar? EX? |
| Syndesmosis (pegs teeth into sockets; alveoli) Synarthrotic | FIBROUS gomphosis is what kind of special joint? Syn, Amphi, or diar? |
| Cartilage (no joint cavity) | Cartilaginous joints are connected by what? |
| Synchondrosis
Symphysis | 2 types of cartilaginous joints |
| hyaline cartilage | Cartilaginous synchondrosis is what kind of cartilage? |
| Epiphyseal plate: connects diaphysis and epiphysis; synarthrotic
Costal cartilage: connects rib to sternum; amphiarthrotic | Cartilaginous synchondrosis Examples and Syn, amphi, or diar? |
| space articulating between bones
freely moveable diarthrotic | What is synovial? Syn, amphi, or diar? |
| joint capsule consisting of
1. Inner layer (Synovial membrane); loose CT with elastic fibers that secrete synovial fluid; lines cavity
2. Outer Layer (fibrous layer); dense irregular CT that is continuous with fibrous layer of periosteum | Articular Capsule and 2 layers |
| Ligaments may be outside of fibrous capsule (EX: collateral ligaments of knee)
Ligaments may be inside of articular capsule but excluded from synovial cavity because ligaments are covered with synovial membrane (EX: cruciate ligament of knee) | Inner layer of articular capsule 2 exceptions |
| 1. consistency of egg white
2. lubricates joint
3. Nourishes articular cartilage
4. Contains phagocytic cells to remove debris from joint | Synovial membrane 4 classifications |
| hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones but does not bind bone together | Articular cartilage definition |
| sac lined with synovial membrane that reduces friction between body parts; found between skin and bone, tendons and bones, muscle and bone, ligaments and bone | Bursa definition and found where? |
| synovial membrane wrapped like a hot dog bun that completely wraps around a TENDON | Tendon Sheath definition |
| 1. Occurs only between bones of skull
2. Rigid slices that knot the skill bones together yet allow skull to expand as a child grows
3. Synarthrotic in adults | Describe 3 structure and degree of movement of a suture and their location in the body |
| 1. Connected by ligaments or cords of fibrous tissue
2. Amphiarthrotic
3. Ulna and radius | Describe the structure and degree of movement of syndesmosis joints in the body and give examples (3 points) |
| 1. Only found in our teeth that fit in areolar socket
2. Synarthrotic | Describe the structure and degree of movement of gomphosis joints and give example |
| Pubic symphysis: amphiarthrotic
Intervertebral Disc: amphiarthrotic | Cartilaginous Symphysis examples |
| Hyaline cartilage unites bone; Synarthrotic, costal cartilage, epiphyseal plate | Structure and degree of movement of synchondrosis and give example. Cartilage? |
| Amphiarthrotic; fibrocartilage unites bone; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs | Structure and degree of movement of symphysis joints and example. Cartilage? |
| 1. Tough external FIBROUS LEVEL composed of dense irregular CT (strengthens bone)
2. Inner layer is SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE composed of loose CT (makes synovial fluid) | Structure and function of articular capsule (2 points) |
| 1. Occupies all free space of joint capsule
2. Derived by filtration of blood flowing through capillaries
3. Egg white
4. Found in articular cartilage
5. Prevents friction
6. Fluid is forces from cartilage when joint is compressed
7. Eats cellular debris | List 7 characteristics/functions of synovial fluid |
| inter carpal and inter tarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, vertebrocostal
(slide past each other) | Structural features of Planar synovial joints |
| knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal (flexion and tension) (joints between fingers) | Structural features of Hinge synovial joints |
| Atlanta-axial, radioulnar (uniaxial; between atlas and axis; twisting hand) | Structural features of Pivot synovial joints |
| Wrist and meracarpophalangeal (2 axis rotation side to side, front to back) EX: waving | Structural features of Condyloid synovial joint |
| carpometacarpal in thumb (2 axis rotation) | Structural features of Saddle synovial joint |
| shoulder and hip (multiaxial; femur to pelvis, scapula to humerus | Structural features of Ball and Socket synovial joint |
| planar
EX: carpal bones of wrist | Gliding movement |
| head, arms, legs (flexing is bending) | Flexion and Extension movement |
| intervertebral joints; head upper body swaying | Lateral Flexion Movement |
| moving arm/leg/head backward | Hyperextension movement |
| hip abductors
Abduct: away from midline | Abduction and adduction movement |
| back stroke or circular movement | circumduction movement |
| lateral and medial; shake head yes or no | Rotation movement |
| shoulder shrug, mouth open or closed | Elevation and depression movement |
| protraction: forward
Retraction: back | Protraction and Retraction |
| moving foot inward and outward | Inversion and Eversion movement |
| Dorsiflexion: bring toes back
Plantar Flexion: tip toes | Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion |
| Supination: palm up
Pronation: palm back (scoop soup, dump) | Supination and pronation movement |
| continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon and inserts into tibial tuberosity | Patellar ligament |
| back of knee
connects lateral condyle of femur to medial margin of head of tibia | Oblique Popliteal Ligament (posterior ligament) |
| broad flat ligament that connects medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
Connects to medial meniscus | Medial collateral ligament |
| rounded ligament on the lateral surface joint that extends from lateral condyle of femur to the lateral side of fibula
DOES NOT CONNECT TO LATERAL MENISCUS | Lateral Collateral ligament |
| Originates anterior to intercondylar eminence of tibia and extends posterior and laterally to medial side of lateral condyle of femur | Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) |
| Originates on posterior intercondylar area of tibia and extends anteriorly and medially to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur | Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) |
| semilunar cartilage; wedge shaped fibrocartilage that attaches to condyles of tibia and serves to deepen condyles of tibia for articulation with condyles of femur
(Lateral more circular shaped)
(medial more "c" shaped) | Medial and Lateral Menisci |
| 1. Collateral ligaments
2. Cruciate ligaments
3. Cartilages (meniscus) | Common three knee injuries |
| Tears tibial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus attached to it as well as the ACL | What is a lateral blow? |
| inflammation of the synovial membrane and can progress to fusion at joint; autoimmune disease strikes small joints and is likely to be bilaterally symetrical
Treatment: anti immune | rheumatoid arthritis definition |
| more common and less damaging; usually affects only articular cartilage and not membrane; strikes big joints like knees and hips; "wear and tear" | osteoarthritis definition |
| Uric acid is a product of purine metabolism of DNA and RNA and is usually excreted through urine; person has accumulation of sodium urate in cartilage at joints | Gouty Arthritis |
