| What are joints? | Joints are places where two bones of the skeleton or the rigid elements of the skeleton meet and where movement sometimes occurs. |
| What does the structure of the joint allow? | Structures of joints allow for resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces |
| Name the structure | Bone |
| Name the structure | Articular cartilage |
| Name the structure | Joint Cavity containing synovial fluid |
| Name the structure | Articular Capsule |
| Name the structure | Synovial Membrane |
| How can the joints be classified? | Joints can be classified by function or structure |
| How are joints classifed by their function? | Functional classification depends on the amount of movement a joint allows |
| What are the three functional classifications? | 1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses |
| Define Synarthroses | Synarthroses are immovable joints and are common in the axial skeleton |
| Define Amphiarthroses | Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints and are common in the axial skeleton |
| Define Diarthroses | Diarthroses are freely movable joints and are common in the appendicular skeleton
Diarthroses includes all synovial joints |
| How are joints classified by their structure? | Structural classification is based on the material that binds the bones together and if a joint cavity is present |
| What are the three structural classifications? | 1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial |
| Describe Fibrous Joints | Fibrous joints are adjoining bones that are united by collagenic fibers |
| Define Cartilaginous Joints | Cartilaginous joints are adjoining bones united by cartilage |
| Define Synovial Joints | Synovial Joints are adjoining joints separated by a joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within a articular capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane |
| What type of joint connects bones via fibrous connective tissue | Fibrous Joints |
| What Joint does not have a joint cavity and is the most immovable type of joint? | Fibrous Joint |
| What are the different type of Fibrous Joints? | 1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Gomphoses |
| What are sutures? | Sutures (fibrous joints) are bones that are tightly bounded by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue |
| Where are sutures found? | sutures only occur between the bones of the skull |
| What do sutures allow? | Sutures allow bone growth
- allows the skull to expand with the brain during childhood |
| Define Synotoses | Synostoses are closed sutures which occurs when the fibrous tissue ossifies |
| What are Syndesmoses? | Syndesmoses (fibrous joints) are bones that are connected exclusively by ligaments |
| So syndesmoses joints allow movement? | Yes however, the amount of movement depends on the length of the fibers |
| Name the structure | Syndesmoses |
| What is Gomphoses? | Gomphoses (fibrous joint) are ligaments that connect the teeth to the gums. |
| What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints
give a brief description | 1. Sutures- bones in the skull only
2. Syndesmosis- ligaments hold together the bones
3. Gomphosis- ligaments connect teeth to gums |
| What holds the suture together? | Dense fibrous connective tissue |
| What is holding the 2 bones together? What are the 2 bones? | A ligament is holding the Tibia and fibula together |
| The tooth binds to what area? How does the tooth bind to this area? | The tooth binds to the socket of the alveolar socket via the periodontal ligament |
| What joint connects bones by cartilage and lacks a joint cavity? | Cartilaginous joints |
| What are the types of Cartilaginous Joints? | - synchondroses
- symphyses |
| Define Synchondreses | Synchondroses (cartilaginous joint) unites bone using hyaline cartilage |
| What are examples of Synchondroses joints? | epiphyseal plates and the joint between the 1st rib and the manubrium are synchondroses joints. |
| Name the structure | The image shows a epiphyseal plate which is a temporary hyaline cartilage joint |
| Name the structure | immovable hyaline cartilage; joint between the manubrium and 1st rib |
| What are symphyses? | Symphyses (cartilaginous joints) connect bones via fibrocartilage
- we also see a presence of hyaline cartilage as articular cartilage
Symphyses joints are slightly movable and provide strength and flexibility |
| What are examples of Symphyses joints? | intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis are examples of symphyses joints |
| Name the structure | Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc |
| Name the structure | Pubic Symphysis |
| What is the most movable type of joint? | Synovial Joint |
| What are synovial joints? What do they contain? | Synovial Joints are diarthroses and each contains a fluid filled joint cavity |
| What are the different type of Synovial joints? | 1. Ball and Socket
2. Ellipsoid Joint
3. Saddle Joint
4. Hinge Joint
5. Pivot Joint |
| What Joint is shown here | A ball and socket synovial joint |
| What Joint is shown here? | Ellipsoid Synovial joint |
| What joint is shown here? | Saddle synovial joint |
| What joint is shown here | Hinge (synovial) joint |
| What joint is shown here? | Pivot (synovial joint) |
| Name the structure | Articular cartilage |
| What role does articular cartilage play in synovial joints? | Articular cartilage (which is played by hyaline cartilage) cover the ends of opposing bones and work to absorb compression |
| Name the structure | Synovial Cavity |
| Describe a Joint (articular) cavity | Joint cavities are unique to synovial joints and it filled with a small amount of synovial fluid |
| Name the structure | Joint capsule and synovial lining |
| Name the structure | Bursa |
| Name the structure | Ligament |
| Name the structure | Tendon |
| Define the articular capsule | the articular capsule is a two layers capsule that encloses a joint cavity |
| What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule? | - fibrous layer
- synovial membrane |
| Define the Fibrous later and its function | the fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue which works to strengthen the joint |
| Define the synovial membrane and its function | the synovial membrane is loose connective tissue that lines the joint capsule and covers the internal joint surfaces
Its function is to make synovial fluid |
| Describe synovial fluid | Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid, a filtrate of blood because it arises from the capillaries of the synovial membrane
- contains glycoprotein secreted by fibroblasts |
| What is the function of the synovial fluid | the synovial fluid provides lubrication
the pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of the articular cartilage |
| What are reinforcing ligaments? | Reinforcing ligaments are often thickened parts of the fibrous layer
- can be extracapsular ligaments (outside capsule)
- can be intracapsular ligaments (inside capsule) |
| How are the synovial joints vascularized? | capillary begs produce basis of synovial fluid
the synovial joints contain branches of several nerves and blood vessels |
| What nerves supply the synovial joints? | the synovial joints receive a rich supply from the sensory nerves which detect pain and monitor how much the capsule is being stretched |
| Name the structures | 1. Fibrous layer
2. Synovial membrane |
