| Positive in thyroid, lung and neuroendocrine tumors (medullary thyroid carcinomas, carcinoid tumors and small cell tumors of the lung) | thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) |
| It involves the preparation of cells by histopathologic procedure in detection of cancer by providing metastatic disease | Cell blocking |
| Reagent use in cell blocking | Papanicolaou |
| It contains thick mucus | Sputum |
| Cells are growing as a state of cell culture | Effusions |
| It contains cell clusters which are mechanically exfoliated | Washing |
| The ratio of anticoagulant to fluid | 2mL : 100 mL |
| Fluids in cell blocking are collected with | anticoagulant |
| Describing the general characteristics of the sample and volume received | Gross examination |
| To enmesh the cellular materials in a clot | Plasma Thrombin |
| The concentrated sediment is supported by the agar | Agar gel |
| At which temperature agar solidifies | Below 50C |
| Used for cytology specimens with a predominance of individually scattered cells | Histo-gel method |
| It makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine that fixes, dehydrates, clears and infiltrates tissue | Automated tissue processing |
| It controls the time intervals in the immersion and transfer of tissue samples from one reagent to another | Electrical time clock |
| It contains the basket carrier, receptacle basket and receptacles | Circular Superstructure |
| It moves the tissues from one processing reagent to another | Transfer Arm |
| It holds the specimen in automatic tissue processor | Receptacle Basket |
| It holds the reagent beakers and paraffin wax baths | Circular Deck |
| It contain the reagents in automatic tissue processor | Beakers |
| It contain the paraffin in automatic tissue processor | Wax bath |
| Paraffin is change when | There is a presence of odor of clearing agent |
| Dehydrating agent is change when | After two complete loads |
| Lower dehydrating agent and clearing agents are change | At least once a week |
| Receptacles and baskets are cleaned of residual paraffin by immersion in | Xylene |
| Clean all nylon parts with | Detergent |
| wax bath thermostats should be set at least ____ above the melting point of the wax | 3C |
| Reagents and melted paraffin are moved sequentially into and out of the retort chamber using vacuum and pressure | Vacuum Tissue Processor |
| Diffusion of the solutions into the tissue is stimulated by increasing the
specimen’s internal heat | Microwave Ovens |
| Enclosed processor that uses microwave technology, vacuum infiltration and
“molecular-friendly” proprietary reagents | Continuous Input Rapid Tissue Processor |
| In continuous input rapid tissue processor this accelerate the diffusion of solvents in the tissue | Microwaves and agitation |
| The required thickness of tissue in cold knife procedure | 3 to 5 mm |
| Freezing agent used in cold knife procedure | CO2 |
| Temperature requirement of knife in cold knife procedure | -40C to -60C |
| Temperature requirement of tissue in cold knife procedure | -5C to - 10C |
| Temperature requirement of environment in cold knife procedure | 0 to -10 C |
| Thickness of sections in cold knife procedure | 10um |
| In cryostat, rotary microtome is mounted at | 45 angle |
| The knife at cryostat is | 120 mm wedge knife |
| Operating temperature in cryostat | 10 to -30 |
| Optimum working temperature in cryostat | -18 C to -20 C |
| Temperature requirement for fatty tissues | -35 C |
| Temperature requirement of non-sexual organs | -5C to -15C |
| Temperature requirement of sexual organs | -15C to -25 C |
| Freezing agent in cryostat | Liquid nitrogen |
| Allow tissue to equilibrate and for histochemistry and intraoperative procedures | Liquid nitrogen |
| Preferred freezing agent in cryostat | Isopentene |
| Fluorinated hydrocarbons | Aerosol spray |
| Use albumin or Zwemer’s chrome-glycerin jelly | In formalinized/fixed tissues |
| wave for a few seconds, or fix immediately in formol-alcohol | Fresh unfixed sections |
| Place mounted section in a covered coplin jar containing ______ | 40% formaldehyde for 1 to 5 minutes |
| It is routinely used for the identification of specific or highly selective cellular epitopes or antigens in frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues | Immunohistochemistry |
| It detects organism in cytologic preparations (fluids, sputum samples & fine needle aspirates) | Immunocytochemistry |
| The principle in immunohistochemistry | antigen-antibody interactions |
| Antibody is produced by several clones of plasma cells | Polyclonal Antibodies |
| Antibody is produced by a single clone of plasma cells | Monoclonal Antibodies |
| Monoclonal antibodies uses the technique ____ | hybridoma |
| Break down formalin cross-links to unmask and allow certain antigenic sites to be exposed and it is useful for heavy chain immunoglobulins, complement and specific antigens | Proteolytic Enzyme Digestion |
| Enzymes that are commonly use in Proteolytic enzyme digestion | trypsin and protease |
| Boiling to formalin-fixed deparaffinized sections | Microwave Antigen Retrieval |
| Less time consuming and more consistent antigen recover | Pressure Cooker Antigen Retrieval |
| Highly sensitive marker for epithelial cells | keratin |
| High molecular weight protein that aids in determining the site of the tumor | Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) |
| Oncofetal antigen present in GIT, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, uterus and cervix carcinomas | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
| Positive in thyroid, lung and neuroendocrine tumors (medullary thyroid carcinomas, carcinoid tumors and small cell tumors of the lung) | thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) |
| Extremely useful in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma | Prostate specific antigen(PSA) |
| Contractile intermediate filament protein, sensitive marker for muscle differentiation and identify tumors derived from smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle | Actin |
| 57 kD intermediate filament in normal mesenchymal cells and their neoplastic counterparts | Vimentin |
| 53 kD intermediate filament in smooth and striated muscles | Desmin |
| 51 kD intermediate filament protein expressed by CNS glial cells, particularly astrocytes | glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) |
| Expressed by cells of neural origin, particularly neurons, neuronal processes, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla and neuroendocrine cells | Neurofilament (NF) |
| Expressed by cells of neural origin, particularly neurons, neuronal processes, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla and neuroendocrine cells | S-100 protein |
| Isoenzyme marker that provides a strong evidence of neural or neuroendocrine differentiation | neuron specific enolase (NSE) |
| Found in neural secretory granules of endocrine tissues and marker for neuroendocrine differentiation | Chromogranin |
| (+) chromogranin, (+) keratin | Neuroendocrine carcinoma |
| (+) chromogranin, (-) keratin: | paraganglioma |
| 38 kD transmembrane protein associated with presynaptic vesicles of neurons | Synaptophysin |
| Synthesized by placental syncytiotrophoblasts and marker for choriocarcinoma | Human chorionic gonadoprotein |
| Synthesized by normal hepatocytes and marker for endodermal sinus tumors showing yolk sac differentiation | Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) |
| Produced by placental syncytiotrophoblasts in late pregnancy and marker for germ cell tumors, particularly germinomas | Placenta like alkaline phosphatase(PLAP) |
| (+) actin, desmin and/or myo-D1, myoglobin, myogenin | Myogenic Tumor |
| (+) CD68 or FAM 56 with alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin | Fibrohistiocytic tumor |
| (+) Factor VII-related antigen, CD31 and Ulex europaeus 1 | Vascular Tumor |
| (+) S100 protein, melanosome (HMB-45), Melan-A (MART-1) | Melanomas |
| (+) Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) | Lymphomas |
| CD3,CD4,CD5 | T-cells |
| CD19, CD20, CD23 | B-cells |
| CD15, CD30, Ig LC and HC | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| increased expression is associated with greater aggressiveness and higher likelihood of recurrence of metastasis | Cell Proliferation Markers: |
| Direct interaction between the labeled antibody and antigen in the histological or cytological preparation | Traditional direct technique |
| Labelled-secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody is then applied | Two-step indirect technique |
| Another labelled-antibody is used directed against the labelled-secondary
antibody | Three-step indirect technique |
| Is a type of cancer that starts in mucus-producing glandular cells of your body. | Adenocarcinoma |
| Vaginal aspiration | Glass pipet and rubber bulb |
| Swab smear | Ayre’s spatula |
| Endocervical or endometrial aspiration | Laryngeal cannula attached to a 10 cc syringe |
| Samples of endocervical canal | Endocervical brush |
| Hysterectomy patients | Vaginal scrape |
| Hormonal evaluation | Lateral vaginal scrape |
| Localization of vaginal adenosis | Four quadrant vaginal scrape |
| Detection of herpetic lesions or carcinoma | Vulvar scrape |
| extremely important for detection of dysplasias and carcinomas of the cervix | Transformation zone |
