| What is an upper course valley like | steep v shaped and where the source starts |
| The middle course is | More energy, gentle and lateral sides and wider channel |
| Lower course | Deep, wide flat and the mouth /low energy for deposition |
| Features of the upper course | A waterfall( Erosion of the soft rock that leads to step due to the remaining hard rock.The hard rock is eroded causing a drop. The undercut erosion leads to collapsed rock to swirl and form a plunge pool by abrasion. Retreat = gorge)
Interlocking spurs -lack of power to erode laterally so it winds around hilss |
| Features of middle course | Meanders - river flows around a bend, one side is the thalweg creating a cliff, one side creates a beach by deposition
Ox-bowlake - the neck of meander being eroded over time isolating a bend forming a lake |
| Features of a lower course | Flood plain - wide valley floor, the deposition due to the loss of energy in the river
leevees- natural embankments of alluvium that build up (good for farming)
Estuaries - river mouth creating mudflats that narrow the channel |
| Effects of flooding | development reset , buisness closes, anxiety, pollution, repairs = expensive |
| Hard engineering and soft examples | HE- manmade so dams and reservoirs SE-natural so flood plain zoning and river restoration (logs to slow velocity) |
| Flooding increases | Geology , precipitation and deforestation |
| Nigeria is a | Newly Emerging Economy |
| TNC's in Nigeria advs | Unilever and Shell increase jobs and economy so more reinvestment can be made(disposable income). Helps them extract oil |
| Disad in Nigeria | Most money goes abroad . Locals poorly paid. ARE EXPOILTED |
| Quality of live improved by | More education, trade,sanitation, electricity, health |
| Hot deserts - | minimal rainfall. Cactus waxy skin for less evaporation, water tap roots to survive . Small animals live in burrows are nocturnal. |
| Desertification | Shringes on deserts sped up by overgrazing, salty soil so little growth. Over cultivation (growing of crops ). Risks reduced by water management and soil management ( rotation) |
| Why did liverpool need regeneration | 9% unemployment , homes were derelict, criminal activity, houses sold for £1 |
| What did the anfield project do | £36 m invested, 300 houses refurbished , a health centre and school , high street , buisnesses encouraged to invest. Environmental - stanley park trees and footpaths and £4.5 invested |
