| increase absorption of nonheme iron | hydrochloric acid |
| decrease serum iron = decrease transferrin Saturation | increase of iron binding capacity |
| Ferric = Ferrous via what enzyme | Duodenal cytochrome B |
| aka master regulator of iron in the circulation | Hepcidin |
| absorbable form of iron | Fe2 |
| carrier form of iron in the circulation | Fe3 |
| enzyme that transport Iron to enterocyte | Heme carrier transporter 1 (HCP1) |
| Enzyme that separates Heme and Ferrous | Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) |
| Heme contains what form of iron | Ferrous (Fe 2) |
| non heme has a ______ type of iron | ferric(Fe 3) |
| Ferric = Ferrous via what enzyme | Duodenal cytochrome B |
| DCYTB has an enzyme that reduces Fe3 to Fe2 ; | Ferric Reductase |
| co-factor of non-heme transport | vitamin C |
| increase activity of Ferric Reductase | vitamin c |
| carries transformed non heme Fe2 into the enterocyte | Divalent metal transporter (DMT1) |
| _____is only absorbable compound of iron | Ferrous (Fe2) |
| when there is an increase in iron it will be stored as ___ | Ferritin |
| allows Fe2 to enter the circulation through this transport | Ferroportin transporter |
| Regulates the release of Fe2 into the circulation | Hepcidin |
| aka master regulator of iron in the circulation | Hepcidin |
| Fe2 released by the Ferroportin must become a Fe3 due to | Fe2 cannot transported by the transferrin |
| what enzyme oxydizes Fe2 to Fe3 | Hephaestin |
| Hephaestin has an enzyme called | Ferrous oxidase |
| hephaestin is dependent to______ | Cu |
| increase copper | increase in iron production |
| Binds ferric to transferrin | iron transferrin bind complex |
| reduce Fe 3 to Fe2 | Ferric Reductase |
| Channel absorbs nonheme Fe2 | divalent metal transporter (DMT 1] |
| transferrin carries iron in______form | Fe3 |
| After transferrin deliver Fe2 to the lysosome, transferrin will become | Apotransferrin |
| Reduced form of transferrin | Apotransferrin |
| Iron transferrin complex binds to | transferrin Receptor |
| Regulator of ferriportin | Hepcidin |
| increase in hepcidin | decrease of ferroportin |
| stimulants hepcidin | Lipopolysaccharide |
| stimulants hepcidin | anti inflammatory mediator (IL6 ) |
| stimulants hepcidin | increase Fe 2 in blood |
| stimulants hepcidin | hemochromatosis Gene (HFE GENE) |
| major regulator of hepcidin | HFE Gene ( hemochromatosis gene) |
| mutation of HFE gene | no inhibition of ferroportin channel |
| increase ferroportin | increase iron in blood |
| increase absorption of nonheme iron | MFP Factor |
| promotes absorption of Fe3 | MFP FACTOR |
| increase absorption of nonheme iron | Vitamin C |
| increase absorption of nonheme iron | lactic and citric acid |
| increase absorption of nonheme iron | hydrochloric acid |
| increase absorption of nonheme iron | sugar |
| inhibits iron absorption | Phylates and fibers |
| inhibits iron absorption | oxalate (spinach) |
| inhibits iron absorption | calcium and phosphorus |
| inhibits iron absorption | tannic acid |
| first indicator of iron deficiency | serum ferritin |
| decrease transport iron =_________ | inactive hemoglobin transport |
| genetic disorder caused by increase absorption of iron | hemochromatosis |
| Chromosomal defect in hemochromatosis | autosomal recessive disorder |
| HFE gene in hemochromatosis is located at | chromosome 6 |
| chromosomal gene of hemochromatosis | HFE gene |
| hereditary type of hemochromatosis | hemochromatosis type 1 |
| required for normal hormone development | Zinc |
| increase in this hormone will increase testosterone | luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| converts testosterone to estrogen | aromatase enzyme |
| increase in zinc will | activate aromatase leading to decrease production of estrogen |
| decrease zinc will | increase estrogen due to inactivation of aromatase |
| seen in alcoholic individuals | high estrogen, high aromatase, high fat deposit |
| activates T-lymphocytes | Fe2 andZinc |
| superoxide dismutase | convert zinc, manganese, and copper to antioxidant |
| glutathione peroxidase | converts selenium to anti oxidant |
| Cofactors of Zinc | peptidase, thymidine kinase, carbonic anhydrase, Lactate dehydrogenase alcohol dehydrogenase, alkaline dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase |
| Relationship of Zinc to Prostate | Zinc activates citrate to decrease cell hypertrophy |
| caspase cascade leads to | apoptosis |
| increase zinc = stimulation of mitochondrial pore | release of cytochrome c |
| cytochrome c activates; | Caspase cascade |
| BAX Gene activates | mitochondrial pore to release Cyt C |
| methallothionein | regulate zinc released in blood |
| binds zinc and copper | methallothionine |
| acrodermatitis Enterohepatica chromosomal defect | autosomal recessive |
| Gene specific for transportation of zinc in intestine | hZip4 |
| deficiency in zinc lead to inhibition of zinc transport in intestine | thymic Atrophy |
| Zinc and copper compete in | binding to metallothionein |
| in Infection Fe decrease-while | Copper increase |
| highest concentration can be seen in the liver, heart, brain and kidney | Copper |
| transported to other tissue by albumin | Copper |
| Copper became antioxidant cause of whet enzyme | superoxide dismutase |
| stimulate secretion of CP from hepatocytes | Interlukin 1 and 6 |
| synthesis and secretion of CP occur in the | hepatocytes |
| converts DOPA to DOPAMINE | L-DOPA Decarboxylase |
| clinical manifestation of zinc deficiency | Acrodermatitis Enterohepatica |
| Zinc deficiency manifested in allergic reaction | acrodermatitis enterohepatic |
| increase in iron due to genetic increased absorption of Fe | Hemochromatosis |
| large deposit of iron in tissue | hemosiderosis |
| following can be seen in a person with achromadermatitis enterohepatica | hZip4 |
| following can be seen in a person with achromadermatitis enterohepatica | thymic atrophy |
| Which of the following mineral is involved in protein metabolism and oxidation reaction | molybdenum |
| enhances activity of different oxidases | molybdenum |
| oxidation of purines and pyrimidine producer of uric acid | Xanthine oxidase |
| cooper ATPase enzyme | ATP7A and ATP7B |
| Manganese is a key component of all of the following enzymes | argindse, pyruvate carboxylase , and Mn-superoxide dismutage |
| mineral deficiency may result into impaired growth and
development, skin lesions and foss of appetite? | Zinc |
| mineral involved in the enzyme -controlled energy yielding reactions of
metabolism? | Copper |
| The mineral which aids in the utilization of
train and in hemorrobin synthesis is biplabestun | Copper |
| endemic disease of cardiomyopathy in children is attributed to | low selium in the environment |
| necessary for the clotting of blood, functions of certain enzymes
and control of fluids through cell membranes? | Copper |
| Normal glucose metabolism require | chromium |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase from liver contains | Zinc |
| deficiency of copper decreases the activity of the enzyme: | Tyrosine oxidase |
| Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase contains | Manganese |
| Mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase contains | Manganese |
| Copper fails and excreted in the bile | Wilsons disease |
| transfer copper to golgi network | ATOX 1 |
| copper to mitochondria | COX 17 |
| Copper can be distribyted in its subcellular
location in the body thru the copper chaperons . | COX 17, ATOX 1, CCS, GSH |
| Mineral that is required as a constituent of Vitamin B12 | cobalt |
| GENE activated by zinc to activate mitochondrial pore | BAX gene |
| copper atpase enzyme found in liver brain and kidney | ATP7B |
| mutation may result to Wilson's disease | ATP7B |
| contstituent of chorium in metabolism of carbohydrates | glucose tolerance factor (GTF) |
| Wilson's disease is an example of __________ and Menkes' syndrome is an example of __________ .
A. zinc deficiency; zinc toxicity
B. zinc toxicity; zinc deficiency
C. copper deficiency; copper toxicity
D. copper toxicity; copper deficiency | copper toxicity; copper deficiency |
| The mineral which is considered important in maintaining electrical potential in nerves and membranes is | magnesium |
| The mineral which aids in the utilization of iron and in hemoglobin synthesis is | copper |
| Which of the following mineral is involved in the enzyme -controlled energy yielding reactions of metabolism? | Phosphorus |
| Which of the following is required as a component of blood hemoglobin? | Iron |
| An endemic disease of cardiomyopathy in children is attributed to | low Se in the environment |
| Which of the following is necessary for the clotting of blood, functions of certain enzymes and control of fluids through cell membranes? | Calcium |
| Selenium deficiency leads to | liver necrosis |
| Manganese is a key component of all of the following enzymes except
A. arginase
B. pyruvate carboxylase
C. ceruloplasmin
D. Mn-superoxide dismutase | C |
| Which of the following mineral deficiency may result into impaired growth and development, skin lesions and loss of appetite? | Zinc |
| Which of the following mineral Is
involved as a cofactor in melanin
production | Copper |
| Myeloperoxidase uses ______ as
cofactor. | Iron |
| The deficiency of copper decreases
a. Proline hydroxylase
b. Lysine hydroxylase
c. Tyrosine oxidase
d. Lysine oxidase | D |
| What is the cofactor of glutathione
peroxidase | Zinc |
| Selenium absorbed 100% in the body | selenomethoinine |
| type of selenium needs vit a, c e and reduced form of GSH | selenocysteine |
| important for T3 and t4 | iodine |
