| The fusion of sperm into the ovum requires approximately ____ hours | 24 hours |
| How does the sperm travel through the mucus membrane of the cervical canal? | By flagellation |
| What is the new cell called after fertilization? | Zygote |
| How many chromosomes does a zygote carry? | 46 |
| When is the sex and characteristics of the zygote determined? | At the moment of fertilization |
| How long does it take the zygote to enter the uterine cavity? | 3 to 4 days |
| What is the developmental stage of the ovum in which a solid mass of cells resembles a mullberry? | Morula |
| The morula develops into the ________. | Blastocyst |
| What is the cause of implantation bleeding? | The action of enzymes; breaking down protein and penetrating cell membranes |
| What allows the blastocyst to enter the endometrium and implant? | The secretion of enzymes |
| Where does implantation usually occur? | In the fundus of the uterus |
| The endometrium has an increased store of _______ during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle | Glycogen |
| The loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation is called _______ | Abortion |
| When do most spontaneous abortions occur? | The first 8 weeks |
| The implantation of a fertilized egg outside of the uterine cavity is called _______. | Ectopic pregnancy |
| How long do the villi nourish the embryo? | Implantation to seventh or eighth week |
| What do the chorionic villi secrete? | HCG |
| What does HCG do? | Stimulates production of progesterone and estrogen |
| How long do primary villi synthesize protein and glucose? | First 12 weeks |
| What becomes the fetal portion of the placenta? | Chorionic villi |
| Until the time of implantation, the cell mass is referred to as the _______ | Zygote |
| When is the growing cell mass referred to as a morula? | When it reaches 32 cells |
| The zygote develops two separate cavities: | The amniotic cavity and the yolk sac |
| The embryonic stage encompasses the first __ weeks of pregnancy | 8 weeks |
| When is the embryo referred to as the fetus? | At the ninth week |
| When does a simple heart beat begin? | Embryonic phase |
| A drug, virus, or substance that can cause malformation of the fetus is a ________ agent. | Teratogenic agent |
| Which virus can affect all germ layers and cause serious anomalies such as cardiac defects, deafness, and cognitive impairment? | Rubella (German measles) |
| When does the placenta become fully functioning? | By week 12 |
| What does the placenta look like at birth? | Large red disk;
8 inches in diameter,1 inch thick |
| The placenta functions as what kind of gland? | Endocrine gland |
| The placenta secretes which three hormones, which maintain pregnancy? | HCG
Estrogen
Progesterone |
| What is the outer layer of the amniotic sac called? | Chorion |
| What is the amnion? | The inner layer of the amniotic sac |
| What joins the embryo to the placenta? | The umbilical cord |
| What is the major part of the cord called? | Wharton's jelly |
| What is the purpose of Wharton's jelly? | Prevents compression of blood vessels
Insulates vessels within umbilical cord |
| What gives the umbilical cord a rope-like appearance? | Two arteries and one vein |
| What is the peak volume of amniotic fluid at 34 weeks? | 800mL to 1000mL |
| How many mL of amniotic fluid is present at 10 to 12 weeks? | 30mL |
| What are the 4 functions of amniotic fluid? | Cushion against mechanical injury
Regulates fetal temperature
Allows fetus room for growth
Provides for fetal lung development |
| When can amniocentesis be performed? | After the first trimester |
| Fetal heart shows activity by the ___ week. | 7th week |
| At what week of gestation can practitioners auscultate the fetal heart beat? | Between 10 to 12 weeks |
| What kind of instrument is used to auscultate the fetal heart beat? | Doppler scan |
| What is the top portion of the uterus called? | The fundus |
| How should the woman be positioned when measuring the fundal height? | On her back |
| During the second and third trimester, the height of the fundus in centimeters is the same as: | The number of weeks of gestation |
| Decreased fundal height may indicate what? | Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) |
| What could an excessive increase in fundal height indicate? | Multifetal gestation
Hydramnios |
| The levels of HCG may be used to assess which two factors? | Viability and gestation of pregnancy |
| What kind of ultrasound is preferred after the first trimester? | Abdominal |
| The crown-rump measurement is correct within ___ to ___ days. | 2 to 5 |
| The crown-rump measurement is used during which trimester? | First trimester |
| What is measured during the second trimester to calculate gestational age? | Head circumference
Biparietal diameter
Femur length |
| What does the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening detect? | Chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects, such as neural tube defects |
| When should serum screening be done on the pregnant woman? | Between 16 and 18 weeks |
| What factors are assessed when performing serum screening on the pregnant woman? | Alpha-fetoprotein
Estriol levels
HCG
Inhibin A |
| What do elevated levels suggest when serum screening the pregnant woman? | Neural tube defects |
| Low levels of serum screening for the pregnant mother may suggest the fetus has ________ _________. | Down syndrome |
| What is the purpose of nuchal translucency screening? | Assess the back of the neck for characteristics of Down syndrome |
| Fetuses with larger nuchal folds have a greater incidence of ______ ________. | Down syndrome |
| At what stage of pregnancy is the nuchal translucency screening performed? | Between 11 to 12 weeks |
| What is the normal nuchal fold finding for a fetus at 11 weeks? | Up to 2 mm |
| What is chorionic villus sampling used to detect? | Genetic disorders |
| Chorionic villus sampling is performed at what stage of pregnancy? | 10 to 13 weeks |
| What are the potential risks with chorionic villus sampling? | Rh sensitization
Infection
Miscarriage |
| The risk of pregnancy loss with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is 7% higher than with ___________ | Amniocentesis |
| What can be performed at the 16th week and is used to detect chemical or chromosomal abnormalities? | Amniocentesis |
| The fetus' ability to survive outside of the uterus is called _______. | Viability |
| A fetus as young as ___ to ___ weeks can survive outside of the womb | 22 to 25 weeks |
| What is amniocentesis primarily used for later in pregnancy? | Determine fetal lung maturity |
| What is used to determine how the fetal heart rate responds to periods of fetal movement? | Nonstress test |
| When is the nonstress test performed? | At 28 weeks and beyond |
| What is the baseline fetal heart rate? | 120-160 bpm |
| How does the fetal heart rate normally accelerate with fetal movement? | at least 15 bpm for 15 seconds |
| What position should the patient assume for the nonstress test? | Sims position |
| What is the desired response during a contraction stress test? | No change in fetal heart rate |
| Which hormone promotes insulin resistance? | Human placental lactogen |
| Which hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to promote production of estrogen and progesterone? | HCG |
| What is estrogen responsible for during pregnancy? | Increased vascularity |
| What is the "maintenance hormone" of pregnancy? | Progesterone |
| Which hormone is linked to the softening of the cervix and pubic symphysis in preparation for labor and delivery? | Relaxin |
| What shape is the nonpregnant uterus? | Pear shaped |
| What is the shape and weight of the uterus by 9 months? | Egg shaped, 2.2 lbs |
| When do the breasts start producing "premilk", colostrum? | 2nd trimester |
| Colostrum is low in fat, but high in ______ and _______. | Protein and carbohydrates |
| What aids the passage of the newborn's first stool? | Colostrum; laxative effect |
| Which portion of the maternity cycle begins with the onset of labor and ends with delivery? | Intrapartal period |
| The intrapartal period of the maternity cycle is also called the ________ portion. | Perinatal |
| Which portion of the maternity cycle begins with the delivery of the placenta and lasts about 6 weeks? | Postpartal period |
| List some presumptive signs of pregnancy | Amenorrhea
Nausea/Vomiting
Frequent urination
Breast changes
Change of shape of abdomen
Quickening
Skin changes
Chadwick's sign |
| What is the Chadwick's sign? | Vagina and cervix become violet or purplish |
| The softening of the isthmus of the uterus is called the _______ sign | Hegar's sign |
| Softening or increased pliability of the cervix is called the ________ sign | Goodell's sign |
| What is Ballottement? | Palpating the uterus to feel the rebound of the fetus |
| What are the probable signs of pregnancy? | Changes in reproductive organs
Positive pregnancy test |
| The presence of a _________ results in a highly reactive pregnancy test, and may continue to indicate positive results after removal | Hydatidiform mole |
| What are the positive signs of pregnancy? | Palpation of fetal outline
Visualization of fetus with ultrasound
Presence of fetal heart beat |
| How is the date of delivery estimated using Nagele's rule? | Start with first date of woman's last menstrual cycle, count back 3 months, add 7 days |
| What does the word "gravida" indicate? | Pregnant woman |
| What does "para" indicate? | The number of births |
| A term pregnancy is one that results in delivery after the conclusion of the ____ week and through the ___ week of gestation | 37th - 42nd week |
| What does GTPAL stand for? | Gravidity
Term births
Preterm births
Abortions
Living children |
| Multifetal pregnancies are recorded as ________ events | Singular |
| When should kick-count monitoring begin? | 28 weeks |
| How many kicks should be felt in a 1-2 hour period? | 10 to 12 |
| What is the most severe form of morning sickness called? | Hyperemesis gravidarum |
| An increase of platelets and fibrinogen increases the woman's risk for _______ _______. | Blood clots |
| Elevation of oxygen causes the ligaments of the ribcage to ________. | Relax |
| The pregnant woman's center of gravity shifts _______. | Forward |
| Maternal hyperthermia during the first trimester may result in what kind of defects of the fetus? | Central nervous system defects |
| Due to increased cholesterol levels during pregnancy, women with a history of _______ may experience problems | Cholelithiasis |
| During pregnancy the _____ and ______ may become dilated on the right side | Ureter and kidneys |
| What helps to reduce leg cramps? | Dorsiflexion |
| Why is left side lying position recommended? | Promotes oxygenation |
| Why is the supine position not recommended for the pregnant woman? | Uterus may place pressure on the aorta and vena cava; decreased circulation for the fetus |
| Blurred vision or diplopia may indicate problems with a __________ condition of pregnancy | Hypertensive |
| What does the Dick-Read method focus on? | Progressive relaxation and avoidance of analgesics |
| Which method of childbirth focuses on environmental factors to provide a calm and supportive environment? | Bradley method |
| Which method of birthing uses a warm water bath to reduce the trauma of birth? | Leboyer method |
| The Lamaze method uses _______, _______, and _______ techniques to control pain mentally. | Breathing, distraction, and focusing |
| At which gestational week can fetal movement be felt? | 16 to 18 weeks |
| What is a VBAC? | Vaginal birth after c-section |
| Rapid cell division is called _______. | Mitosis |
| Most ________ are too large to cross the placental barrier | Bacteria |
| The placenta is made up of 20 sections called _______. | Cotyledons |
| What do the arteries of the umbilical cord do? | Carries deoxygenated blood back to the placenta |
| What is the vein of the umbilical cord responsible for? | Carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus |
| Which method is commonly used to measure fundal height? | McDonald's method |
| What is a primary advantage of a chorionic villus sampling test? | Can be performed at any earl point in pregnancy |
| Amniotic fluid can reveal information such as: | Sex
Chromosomal abnormalities
Health status
Maturity of fetus |
| A preterm delivery is one that takes place during which weeks of gestation? | 20-37 weeks |
