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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year.	Stranger anxiety
Distress shown by an infant when a familiar caregiver leaves.	Separation anxiety
A semistructured interview that asks adults to recall and interpret feelings and experiences related to their childhood attachments.	Adult attachment interview (AAI
Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.	Mutual regulation
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it.	Social referencing
The development of the toddler’s knowledge of being a separate person from those around him or her.	Sense of self
Self-determination	Autonomy
The toddler’s tendency to make the behavioral standards of others, such as parents, a part of the toddler’s mental structures and memories.	Internalization of behavioral standards or socialization
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.	Self-concept
A feature of the I-self in which the baby realizes that one can control external events.	Agency
The sense of being a physical whole with boundaries within which agency resides.	Self-coherence
Conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being.	Self-awareness
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others.	Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Virtue that emerges during Erikson’s second stage.	Will
The tendency of a toddler to shout “No!” just for the sake of resisting authority.	Negativism
Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.	Socialization
Process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own; fundamental to socialization.	Internalization
Child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.	Self-regulation
The ability to pay attention to stimuli	Attentional processes
Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.	Conscience
Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses.	Committed compliance
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.	Situational compliance
Eager willingness to cooperate with the parent	Receptive Cooperation
Emotions such as guilt and empathy.	Moral emotions
Refusing to break rules or violate standards in the face of strong temptation.	Moral conduct
Thought patterns that reflect responses to moral dilemmas	Moral cognition
Results of a combination of inadequate nutrition, disturbed interactions with parents, and other factors such as disease.	Failure to thrive
Action taken to endanger a child, involving potential bodily injury	Physical abuse
Failure to meet a child's basic needs.	Neglect
Sexual activity involving a child and an older person.	Sexual abuse
Action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.	Emotional maltreatment
What can be the cause of Disoriented-Disorganized attachment?	Gene-Environment Interaction