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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory.	Implicit memory
Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.	Explicit memory
Short-term storage of information being actively processing	Working memory
Participation of an adult in a child’s activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child’s understanding of it closer to that of the adult.	Guided participation
Communication system based on words and grammar.	Language
Forerunner of linguistic speech; the utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitations of sounds without understanding their meaning.	Prelinguistic speech
Newborn’s means of communication; can signal hunger, sleepiness, or anger.	Crying
Squealing, gurgling, and making vowel sounds like “ahhh.”	Cooing
Repeating consonant-vowel strings, such as “ma-ma-ma-ma.”	Babbling
The basic sounds of one's native language.	Phenomes
Gestures such as waving goodbye or nodding the head to signify “yes,” taught to a child by an adult or older child.	Conventional Social Gestures
Gestures that represent the desired action directly, such as holding an empty cup to one’s mouth to signify wanting a drink.	Representational gestures
Gestures that function much like words and are symbolic of the desired concept, such as blowing to mean hot or sniffing to mean flower.	Symbolic gestures
Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.	Linguistic Speech
Single word that conveys a complete thought.	Holophrase
Language that a person understands.	Receptive vocabulary
Spoken or produced language.	Expressive vocabulary
Early form of sentence consisting of only a few essential words.	Telegraphic speech
Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.	Syntax
Children use telegraphic speech to say just enough to get their meaning across.	Simplify
Although unable to string together enough words to express a complete action, children can understand the action.	Understand grammatical relationships they cannot yet express
Certain words may be used by the child to mean only a single object, but not other, similar objects.	Underextend word meanings
A child will overgeneralize a word to objects that are only similar to the original referent.	Overextend word meanings
Children will apply rules rigidly, without recognizing exceptions, such as “mouses” instead of “mice.”	Overregularize rules
The theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.	Nativism
In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.	Language acquisitions device (LAD)
The gestures of deaf babies that are repeated over and over	Hand-babbling
Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.	Code mixing
Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.	Code switching
Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition. Also called parentese.	Child-directed speech (CDS)