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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
The inability to remember events prior to the age of 3 years.	Infantile Amnesia
"The brain is not yet developed enough to store memories that young"	Piaget
"Early memories are stored but often repressed because they are emotionally distressing."	Freud
Causes of infantile amnesia	Early procedural and perceptual knowledge is not the same as the later explicit, language-based memories used by adults.
Behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.	Intelligent Behavior
Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test taker’s performance with standardized norms.	IQ (intelligence quotient) testing
Who invented the Psychometric Test	Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
This group's intelligence scores can predict academic performance fairly accurately and reliably	School Age Children
Babies cannot tell us what they know and how they think; assessment of what they can do	Infants and Toddlers
a standardized test designed to assess the cognitive and motor development of children aging from 1 month to 3 1⁄2 year-olds.	Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
each child’s results from the Bayley Scales will be based on deviation from the mean to compare from the normal sample.	Developmental Quotients
are used to detect if there are any needs that require the help of a professional	Developmental Quotients
a checklist used by professionals to observe the environment and personal relationships of a child and its effects on their cognitive development.	Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
a strategy where parents being affectionate to their child has a positive correlation with academic performance that will last throughout puberty and adolescence.	Parental Responsiveness
Therapeutic and educational services that aim to give assistance to families whose children have developmental needs.	Early Intervention
Imitation that uses body parts such as hands or feet that babies can see— develops first	Visible Imitation
Imitation that involves parts of the body that babies cannot see— develops at 9 months.	Invisible Imitation
What did Piaget believed in?	That children under 18 months could not engage in deferred imitation.
The reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.	Deferred Imitation
When do deferred imitation of novel or complex events begin?	6-9 months
Infants and toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen, but not done before.	Elicited Imitation
The concept that things and objects have their own existence, traits, and locations in space	Object Concept
What is the importance of Object Concept?	The basis for children’s awareness that they themselves exists separate from objects and other people.
Piaget’s term the realization or understanding that an object or person continues to exist, even when out of sight.	Object Permanence
What kind of developed cognitive ability is object permanence?	Gradual Cognitive
How long until infants acquire object permanence?	8 months
When will object permanence be completely developed?	18-24 months
What is the ability to understand the nature of objects?	Pictorial Competence
Where do most people gather their information of the world?	Symbols
Mistaking the size of objects such as trying to ride in doll size car.	Scale Error
Proposal that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grouping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.	Dual Representation Analysis
Simple type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.	Habituation
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.	Dishabituation
The tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.	Visual Preference
Researchers can use this tendency to ask babies which of two objects they prefer.	Visual Preference
The tendency to prefer new sights over familiar ones.	Novelty Preference
The ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when presented at the same time.	Visual Recognition Memory
The ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another	Cross-modal Transfer
Infant’s response to an adult's gaze by looking or pointing in the same direction	Joint Attention
How long does joint attention develops?	10-12 months
What's another name for Joint Attention?	Joint Perceptual Exploration
The measure of how quickly an infant’s gaze will shift to a picture that has just appeared.	Visual Reaction Time
The measure of how an infant’s gaze will shift to the place where the infant expects the next picture will appear.	Visual Anticipation
Visual Reaction Time and Visual Anticipation can be measured by this	Visual Expectation Paradigm
Nested groups based upon characteristics such animals.	Categories
Based on how things look	Perceptual
Based on what things are	Conceptual
The principle that one event causes another.	Causality
Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.	Violation-of-Expectations