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level: Object and Face Recognition

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Object and Face Recognition

Question	Answer
A viewing positiong that produices some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world (e.g., the sides of two independent objects lining up perfectly)	Accidental Viewpoint
Avisual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its identity or structure	Ambiguous Figure
In reference to perception, closure is the name of a Gestalt principlke that holds that a closerd contour is preferred to an open contour	Closure
A form of 'face blinness' apparently preset from birth, as opposed to acquistion later in life, which would typically be the result of an injury to the nervous system	Congential Prosopagnosia
The process of determining the nature of a stimulus from the pattern of responses measured in the brain or, potentially, in an artificial system like a computer network. The stimulus could be a sensory stimulus or it could be an internal state (e.g., the content of a dream)	Decoding
A type of 'machine learning' in artificial intelligence in which a computer is programmed to lean something. First the network is 'trained' using input for which the answer is known. Subsequently, the network can provide answers from input that it has never seen before	Deep Neural Network (DNN)
For an object, the label that comes to mind most quickly when we identify it (e.g., bird). At the subordinate level, the object might be more specifically named (e.g., Eagle); at the superordinate level, it might be more generally named (animal)	Entry-level Category
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated by images of the body other than the face	Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)
The region of cortex bordering the primary visual cortex and containing multiple areas involved in visual processing	Extrastriate Cortex
A process that carries out a computation (e.g., object recognition) one neural step after another, without need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage	Feed-forward Process
The process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object (figure) and other regions are part of the background (ground).	Figure-ground Assignment
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated by human faces	Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
In Biederman's recognition-by-components mode, any of the geometric ions out of which perceptual objects are built	Geon
A set of rules describing which elements in an image will appear to grou[ together. The original list was assembled by members of the Gestalt school of thought	Gestalt Grouping Rules
In German, literally 'form'. In reference to perception, a school of thought stressing that the perceptual whole would be greater than the apparent sum of the parts	Gestalt
The finding in various experiments that the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the object	Global Superiority Effect
A mental shortcut	Heuristic
Processing based on analysis of the entre object or scene and not on adding together a sert of smaller parts or features	Holistic Processing
Brain regions that appear to have the same function in different species	Homologous Regions
A contour that is perceived even though nothing changes from one side of it to the other in an image	Illusory Contour
Part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important in object recognition	Inferotemporal (IT) cortex
In reference to neuophysiology, 1. (n) A region of damaged brain. 2. (v) To destroy a section of the brain	Lesion
A loosely defined stage of visual processing thatcomes after basic features have been extracted from the image (low-level, or early, vision) and before object recognition and scene understanding (high-level vision)	Mid-level (or middle) vision
An outline that is perceptually bi-stable. Unlike the situation with most stimuli, two interpretations continually battle for perceptual dominance	Necker cube
A feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact (or accidental) viewing position of the observer	Nonaccidental feature
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably actrivated more by images of places than by other stimuli	Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
A rule fo figure-ground assignment stating that parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure	Parallelism
An inability to recognise faces	Prosopagnosia
A gestal grouping rule stating that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as the distance between them decreases	Proximity
Biederman's model of object recognition, which holds that objects are recognised by the identites and relationships of their component parts	Recognition-by-components Model
The degree to which two line segments appeart to be part of the same contour	Relatability
A theory that fast, feed-forward processes can give your crude information about objects and scenes based on activity in high-level parts of the cisual cortex. You become aware of details when activity flows back dow nthe hierarchy of visual areas to lower-level areas where the detailed information is preserved	Reverse-hierarchy Theory
A description of an object in terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the relationships between those parts	Structural Description
A school of thought believing that complex objects or perceptions could be understood by analysis of the components	Structuralism
In function magnetic imaging, brain activity is measured in two conditions: one with and one without the involvement of the mental process of interest. Subtracting the two conditions shows regions of brain specifically activated by that process	Subtraction Method
A rule for figure-ground assignment stating that if one region is entirely surrounded by another, it is likely that the surrounded region is the figure	Surroundness
A rule for figure-ground assignment stating that symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as figure	Symmetry
The internal representation of a stimulus that is used to recognise the stimulus in the world. Unlike is use in, for example, making a key, a mental template is not expected to actually look like the stimulus that it matches	Template
Carving an image into regions of common texture properties	Texture Segmentation