| When is ideal to drill sugar beet and why? | Late March for longer growing season and warmth to aid germination |
| What main post emergence herbicide options are there for ABLW? List the "Conviso One" at the end | Clopyralid, ethofumesate, Phenmedipham, metamitron, lenacil, Triflusulfuron, foramsulfuron |
| What are the Stemphylium symptoms? What is the % yield loss | Large necrotic lesions, up to 42% yield loss |
| What does a silver seed treatment signify? | Standard BCN and APYR varieties |
| Name the 3 main aphid vectored viruses in beet and what aphid carries them | Beet yellow virus, Beet mild yellowing virus, Beet chlorosis virus, peach potato aphid, black bean aphid |
| What is the target plants/ha at harvest? | 80-100k |
| What is a good seed rate? | 110k seeds/ha |
| What are the pre-emergence options for Sugar Beet? What does each control? | Ethofumesate for grass weeds, Metamitron for blw, quinmerac for blw |
| What is a soil based issue to pre-em herbicides in Sugar Beet? | Often grown in high organic soils, which causes a rapid breakdown of pre-em activity |
| Briefly list the herbicide programmes for Sugar Beet. | Conviso, Broadacre, FAR, Managed |
| What can the effect can 1 tall weed/m2 have on yield? | Reduction by 11% |
| Other than a pre-emergence kill of weeds, what benefits are given by pre-em herbicides? | Sensitizes weeds for following post-em treatments |
| What will Conviso one not control? | Clearfield OSR volunteers |
| What are weed beet controls? | Bolting resistant varieties, hand rogueing, weed wipe, wide rotation |
| What is the reasoning behind a force seed treatment in sugar beet | soil pest complex and pygme beetles |
| What is the peach potato aphid threshold up to 12 leaves? | 1 aphid/ 4 plants |
| What is the peach potato aphid threshold between 12-16 leaves? | 1 aphid/ plant |
| What micronutrients are high risk for deficiency in light soils? | Manganese and boron |
| What is the threshold for leaf miner in beet? | if there are more eggs+larvae than leaves/m2 |
| What is docking disorder also known as? | Hen and chick |
| What causes black heart in beet? | Manganese deficiency |
| What causes hollow heart in beet? | Boron deficiency |
| What is the integrated programme for peach potato aphids in beet? | Removal of host species throughout non cropped seasons and maintain beneficial insect populations |
| What are the main risk factors for BCN? | Tight rotations, host species, organic sandy soils |
| What is the threshold for use of tolerant varieties and control for BCN? | 10 eggs/g |
| What are the symptoms of blackleg in beet? | Blackened, withered cotyledons |
| What is the best management for blackleg? | Hymexazol seed treatment |
| What is the vector for BNYVV? | Polymyxa betae |
| How long is polymyxa betae viable in the soil for? What is its ideal conditions? | 15 years, moist and 12 degrees and above |
| What is the potential root loss caused by Rhizomania? | 70% |
| What are high risk factors of Rhizomania | light sandy soils |
| What are cultural controls for Rhizomania? | Reduce soil movement, Partially resistant cultivars |
| What is the yield loss significance of BYV? | 50% |
| What is the yield loss significance of BMYV? | 30% |
| What are the control methods for BYV, BChV & BMYV | Remove green bridge, Flonicamid insecticide |
| When is T1 for sugar beet? | Late July |
| When is T2 in sugar beet? | Late August |
| When can you expect to see Violet Root Rot? | Late September |
| What are the symptoms of Violet Root Rot? | Dark wilting leaves, superficial tubor rot |
| What are integrated control methods for Violet Root Rot? | Volunteer control, host species control, avoid carrots in rotation |
| Describe the FAR method of sugar beet weed control, how often it is sprayed and the advantages vs disadvantages | F=Phenmedipham, A=Activator=Ethofumesate, R=Residual=Metamitron used every 7-10 days until the canopy closes over. Crop safe as less active used and less management input, but more passes |
| Describe the standard management approach to sugar beet weed control and its advantages and disadvantages | Crop is walked every week until the canopy closes. Weeds are identified and herbicides are specifically prescribed. Sprayed every 10-14 days. Less passes, more accurate recommendation, more management, more active ingredient |
| Describe the Conviso smart beet method of sugar beet control, how often it is sprayed and its advantages and disadvantages | Conviso smart beet variety is selected, a pre-em spray of Conviso One (Foramsulfuron) is applied. The crop is sprayed once only, less passes, less management, expensive, less control |
| Describe the Broadacre approach to sugar beet weed control, how often it is sprayed and its advantages and disadvantages | A robust mix of herbicides is use everytime with a higher rate and less applications. The crop is sprayed every 3-4 weeks. Less management, good weed kill, less crop safe, expensive |
| How can volunteer potatoes be controlled in sugar beet? | Clopyralid |
| Why are the managed and FAR herbicide methods arguably more effective? | Low dose rates and targeting weeds at a young age |
| What herbicides are available for grassweeds? | Graminicides, cycloxydim, propaquizafop, fluazifop |
| How can volunteer beet be controlled? | Prevent bolters, delay drilling, hand rogue, 1 in 7 rotation, spray in other crop |
| How much can 1 weed beet/m2 reduce yield by? | 10% |
| What does a pink seed treatment signify? | No insecticide, sedexane and fludioxinil |
| What does a green seed treatment signify? | Tefluthrin insecticide, sedexane and fludioxinil |
| What does a metallic green/blue seed treatment signify? | Tefluthrin insecticide, BCN and AYPR varieties |
| What are the 3 constituents of the soil pest complex? (SPC) Where are they mostly a risk? | Springtails, symphilids and millipedes. Mostly an issue on organic and silty soils |
| What beet pest is closely associated with the soil pest complex? Describe their life cycle briefly and when damage is likely seen | Pygmy mangold beetle, adults feed in March, lay eggs around plants in summer and larvae feed on beet roots of mature plants. |
| What is the symptom of Pygmy Mangold Beetle damage? | Blackened pits on the stem and roots |
| What is the symptom of wireworm damage? | Blackened tunnel wounds below the soil surface |
| What is the threshold for economic damage in leatherjackets? | 25/m2 |
| How can leatherjackets be controlled? | Rotational, avoid beet after grass |
| What is the symptoms of Beet flea beetle? | Shot holing of leaves |
| Describe the symptoms of beet leaf miner damage, their life cycle, threshold and control methods | Mining in the leaf, extensive mining causes death. Eggs laid under leaf end of April to early June, apply lambdacyhalothrin when larvae + eggs = square of the number of true leaves. |
| Describe Capsid symptoms | Multi-crowning or distortion of growing point |
| Describe thrip damage symptoms | Silvery, brown colouring on unfurled heart leaves |
| What is the main vector of Virus yellows (BYV, BMYV, BChV) | Peach Potato Aphid |
| What is the symptom of virus yellows? | Yellowing between the leaf veins |
| When can Peach Potato Aphid migrations likely be expected? | Early summer |
| What is the threshold for Black Bean Aphids, and what are the symptoms of damage? How can they be controlled | 10% of plants have colonies, vector BYV and direct feeding to heart leaves, Control with flonicamid |
| What seed treatment could be applied to protect against damping off and other seed bourne diseases? | Tachigaren |
| What seed treatment could be applied to protect against rhizoctonia and phoma diseases? | Vibrance ST |
| What virus is Rhizomania? | Beet necrotic yellow vein virus |
| What foliar fungicide could be applied? | Escolta |
| What is the approximate yield loss from Rhizomania? | 70% |
| What are the management controls for Rhizomania? | Varietal resistance, reduce soil movement |
| What yield loss can be experienced with virus yellows? | 30-50% |
| Is BYV persistent or non persistent? | Non persistent |
| Is BMYV persistent or non persistent? | Persistent |
| What are the control methods for BVY? | Reduce green bridge, volunteers, old clamps, flonicamid |
| Describe Beet yellows virus | Chlorosis, orange/ red at leaf tip |
| Describe Beet mild yellowing virus | Slight chlorosis |
| Describe beet chlorosis virus | Chlorosis with veins very visible |
| Why would inclusion of strobulurins be beneficial in the fungicide programme? | Greening effect, increased sugar content |
| Name a BCN resistant variety | Lacewing |
| Name a variety with BYV resistance | KWS Maruscha |
| Why was cruiser (neonicitinoid seed treatment) not approved for emergency use 2021? | 9% threshold of likely aphid infestation not met |
| When are sugar beet likely harvested? | Early autumn - spring |
| What is the target sugar content for sugar beet? | 18-20% |
