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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
Active engagement and participation in a broad range of social relationships.	Social integration
A social network’s provision of psychological and material resources that benefit an individual.	Social support
Targets of research interest that are not necessarily factual but are related to personal opinions or feelings	Subjective social variables
The scientific term used to describe how people experience the quality of their lives in terms of life satisfaction and emotional judgments of positive and negative affect.	Subjective well-being
The cultural trend in which the primary unit of measurement is the group. Collectivists are likely to emphasize duty and obligation over personal aspirations.	Collectivism
An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of standard scales as a means of making meaningful comparisons across groups.	Cross-cultural psychology (or cross-cultural studies)
An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of standard scales as a means of making meaningful comparisons across groups.	Cross-cultural studies (or cross-cultural psychology)
An approach to understanding culture primarily by paying attention to unique and distinctive features that set them apart from other cultures.	Cultural differences
The ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses.	Cultural intelligence
An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of interviews and observation as a means of understanding culture from its own point of view.	Cultural psychology
The principled objection to passing overly culture-bound (i.e., “ethnocentric”) judgements on aspects of other cultures.	Cultural relativism
Learned guides for how to behave appropriately in a given social situation. These reflect cultural norms and widely accepted values.	Cultural script
An approach to understanding culture primarily by paying attention to common features that are the same as or similar to those of other cultures	Cultural similarities
A pattern of shared meaning and behavior among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next.	Culture
The uniquely human form of learning that is taught by one generation to another.	Enculturation
Being unduly guided by the beliefs of the culture you’ve grown up in, especially when this results in a misunderstanding or disparagement of unfamiliar cultures.	Ethnocentric bias (or ethnocentrism)
Research that emphasizes field data collection and that examines questions that attempt to understand culture from it’s own context and point of view.	Ethnographic studies
The tendency to define the self in terms of stable traits that guide behavior.	Independent self
The cultural trend in which the primary unit of measurement is the individual. Individualists are likely to emphasize uniqueness and personal aspirations over social duty.	Individualism
The tendency to define the self in terms of social contexts that guide behavior.	Interdependent self
Learning by observing the behavior of others.	Observational learning
Research questions that ask participants to answer in their own words.	Open ended questions
Rites or actions performed in a systematic or prescribed way often for an intended purpose. Example: The exchange of wedding rings during a marriage ceremony in many cultures.	Ritual
The extent to which the self is defined as independent or as relating to others.	Self-construal
Being guided by different cultural influences in different situations, such as home versus workplace, or formal versus informal roles.	Situational identity
Research method in which all participants use a common scale—typically a Likert scale—to respond to questions.	Standard scale
An assessment—based on one’s own preferences and priorities—about the basic “goodness” or “badness” of a concept or practice.	Value judgment
Research that is not influenced by the researchers’ own values, morality, or opinions.	Value-free research