| Nature: (regarding children) | Identical twins’ intelligence together correlate 0.90
Identical twins’ reared separately correlate 0.72
Fraternal twins’ together 0.60
Fraternal twins’ separately 0.50
Siblings reared apart 0.25
Adopted children’s intelligence is more similar to biological rather than adoptive parents |
| Nurture: (regarding children) | As adopted children grow, their intelligence comes closer to adoptive parents
Children adopted from disadvantaged into higher socio-economic status homes show large increase in intelligence
Deprivation lowers while good nutrition, family and school increase intelligence |
| Mental and Chronological Age | (Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon) (1908) |
| Mental Age: | measure of person’s intellectual development relative to age group |
| Chronological Age: | biological Age from birth |
| Intelligence Quotient | (Willian Stern) (1912)
IQ = MA/CA 100 |
| Normal Curve | Most scores fall in middle range, only few have very high or very low scores
The frequency distribution makes a bell-shaped curve, called the normal curve
100 – Mean IQ score
90-110 – Normal Intelligence
<70 – Intellectually Disabled
>130 – Intellectually Gifted |
| AAMD definition | American Association on Mental Deficiency |
| intellectual disability | significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period”. |
| Classification of people based on IQ | 55 to 70 – Mild: can function independently
35-40 to 50-55 – Moderate: lag behind in language and motor skills, need moderate degree of supervision
20-25 to 35-40 – Severe
Below 20-25 – Profound: incapable of managing their lives and need constant care |
| Intellectual Giftedness - person and year | Lewis Terman (1925) |
| giftedness and talent | Giftedness refers to exceptional general ability and superior performance in wide variety of areas
Talent is a narrower term, refers to remarkable ability in a specific field, highly talented are prodigies |
| important characteristics of giftedness (7) | Advanced logical thinking, questioning, problem solving
High speed in processing information
Superior generalisation and discrimination ability
Advanced original and creative thinking
High intrinsic motivation and self-esteem
Independent and non-conformist thinking
Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods |
