| What is the correct order of the digestive tract from mouth to anus | Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines -Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum-, Large Intestine -Ascending Colon, Descending Colon-, Rectum |
| what is another name for the digestive tract? | Alimentary canal |
| What is the order of the layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa - innermost layer
Submucosa - contains numerous glands/blood vessels/parasympathetic nerves
Muscularis - thick layer of muscle tissue
Serosa - outermost layer |
| What is the location of the major sphincters of the digestive tract? | Upper esophageal sphincter - located in the upper part of the esophagus.
Lower esophageal sphincter - located at the end of esophagus, beginning of stomach.
Pyloric sphincter - located end of stomach, beginning of duodenum.
Anal sphincter -located at end of the rectum that surrounds the anus |
| What is the location of the salivary glands and what do they secrete? | Parotid glands - located in upper cheek, produce watery saliva containing enzymes
Submandibular glands at the floor of the mouth, enzyme and mucus - producing elements
Sublingual glands under the tongue, mucus type saliva |
| digestion | complex nutrients are broken down into simpler nutrients |
| deglutition | swallowing - 3 steps: 1.oral 2.pharyngeal 3. esophageal |
| mastication | chewing |
| absorption | nutrients move through the mucosa of the GI tract into the internal environment. |
| peristalsis - | wavelike contractions of the stomach and intestines that move food along |
| elimination - | defecation |
| What are the endocrine and exocrine cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete? | exocrine cells produce enzymes to help with the digestion of food
endocrine cells produce and secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream |
| What is secreted from the main gastric cells -chief cells, parietal cells and endocrine cell-)? | Chief Cells – Pepsin: a protease that begins the digestion of proteins
Parietal Cells – Hydrochloric Acid -HCI-: decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of pepsin; also though to secrete intrinsic factor
Endocrine Cells – Ghrelin: hormone that stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite |
| What is the function of the 4 gastric/intestinal hormones discussed in class? -Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, and GIP- | Gastrin - gastrin stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid to break down proteins swallowed as food and absorb certain vitamins.
CCK- slows down the emptying of food, stimulates the production of bile in the liver as well as its release from the gall bladder into the duodenum.
Secretin - involves production of pancreatic fluid thats low in enzyme content and high in bicarbonate
GIP- decreases peristalsis and slows passage of chyme into the duodenum |
| What are the starting and end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion? | Carbohydrates into sugars.
Proteins into amino acids.
Fats into fatty acids and glycerol. |
| __ is a major step in the degradation of amino acids. | Deamination |
| ___helps protect the tooth against wear and tear of chewing and against chemical substances that might dissolve its inner tissue. | Enamel |
| __is the transfer of digested food through the wall of the stomach or intestine and into the circulatory system. | . Absorption |
| Amylase is made in the | pancreas and salivary glands |
| Chemical digestion of which of the following starts in your mouth? | Carbohydrates |
| Chemical digestion of which of the following starts in your stomach? | Proteins |
| Cholecystokinin | Reduces stomach motility and secretion |
| Digested fats are transported in chyme/small intestines by bile salts as: | Micelles |
| Most of the chemical digestion of food occurs in what part of the small intestine | duodenum |
| Protein, or nitrogen, balance means | Protein anabolism equals catabolism |
| The exocrine portion of your pancreas is composed of units called | Acini |
| The lipoproteins -healthy ones- that carry lipids back to the liver for processing into bile are called: | HDLs |
| What part of the cell does the electron transport system take place? | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What process breaks food molecules into smaller molecules to release energy | catabolism |
| What process builds up food molecules into more complex molecules? | anabolism |
| Which of the following is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis | Lactic Acid |
