| the pathway of food (7 parts) | oral cavity, throat, epiglottis, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter. |
| the connection order of bile (absorption) | liver, gallbladder, to the duodenum |
| the connection order of enzymes (absorption) | pancreas, duodenum |
| connections of absorption | liver-gallbladder-duodenum-pancreas |
| abscess | localized collection of pus |
| deciduous teeth | temporary teeth; baby teeth |
| dental calculus | dental tartar |
| dental caries | tooth decay |
| dentition; also known as arcade | the arrangement of teeth |
| hard palate | rostral portion of roof of the mouth |
| occlusion | relation of the teeth of both jaws during functional activity |
| fistula | fistula is an abnormal tube-like passageway that can occur anywhere on the body |
| palate | roof of the mouth |
| papillae | small, raised bumps on the tongue containing taste buds |
| periodontal disease | inflammation and degeneration of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth |
| plaque | collection of bacteria, salivary products, and white blood cells |
| rugae | ridges on the hard palate and lining the stomach to increase surface area for absorption and secretion |
| saliva | digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
| salivary glands | glands around the mouth that secrete saliva |
| soft palate | smooth, caudal portion of the roof of the mouth |
| absorption | passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream |
| abdominal cavity | space below, or caudal to, the diaphragm containing organs such as the liver, stomach and intestines |
| alimentary tract | gastrointestinal tract |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| anal sacs | pair of sacs between the internal and external anal sphincters |
| anus | opening from the G.I. tract to the outside of the body |
| bile | digestive juice produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| bilirubin | metabolite of hemoglobin breakdown; pigment released by the liver in bile |
| bolus | rounded mass of food |
| bowel | intestine |
| cardiac sphincter | ring of muscle fibers at the proximal aspect of the stomach where it joins the esophagus |
| cecum | small blind sac where the small and large intestine meet |
| colon | large intestine |
| Parts of the colon (large intestine) | large intestine; cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum |
| common bile duct | carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum |
| defecation | passage of feces from the anus to the outside of the body |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| Diaphragm | thin, muscular partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| emulsification | breakdown of large fat |
| enzymes | chemicals that speed up reaction |
| epiglottis | leaf-like piece of cartilage over the trachea (windpipe) to prevent aspiration of food |
| esophagus | tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| feces | stool |
| flatulance | presence of gas in the stomach and intestines |
| gallbladder | sac under the liver that stores bile |
| glucose | simple sugar |
| gluconeogenesis | production of glucose in the liver using fats and proteins |
| glycogen | form of glucose stored in the liver |
| glycogenolysis | glycogen is converted back to glucose in the liver when the patient becomes hypoglycemic |
| jejunum | second part of the small intestine |
| labia | lips |
| liver | largest organ in the abdomen; responsible for synthesizing protein and bile, maintaining blood sugar and detoxifying blood |
| lumen | cavity or channel within a tube |
| mastication | chewing |
| mesentery | membranous sheet that holds the organs of the abdominal cavity in place |
| mucosa | mucous membranes |
| omentum | absorbs excess fluid and adheres to wounds to act as the body's natural band-aid |
| pancreas | produces digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon. |
| parenchyma | tissue composed of the essential cells of any organ |
| peristalsis | wave-like contractions of the tubes of the G.I. tract |
| peritoneum | membrane surrounding the organs of the abdomen |
| pharynx | throat |
| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle fibers at the distal end of the stomach where it joins the duodenum |
| rectum | last portion of the colon |
| rugae | ridges on the hard palate and in the stomach to increase surface area for absorption and secretion |
| sphincter | group of ring-like muscles that can contract in diameter |
| trachea | windpipe |
| villi | microscopic, finger-like projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
| achalasia | inability to relax the smooth muscles of the G.I. tract |
| anastomosis | surgical connection between two tubes |
| anorexia | lack of appetite |
| biopsy | removal of tissue for microscopic examination |
| body condition score (BCS) | a method to assess an animal's weight based on outward appearance |
| borborygmus | rumbling noises caused by the movement of gas or fluid through the GI tract |
| cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition |
| emaciation vs. cachexia | both is the pt. wasting away; however the causes are different. emaciation is caused by malnutrition and starvation. In general, emaciation can be corrected with nutrition. cachexia is caused by an underlying pathology such as cancer, which means nutrition cannot fix the loss of body mass. |
| carcinoma | malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue |
| cirrhosis | degenerative disease in which the liver cells are replaced with scar tissue |
| colic | acute abdominal pain |
| acute | sudden onset |
| chronic | existing over a long period of time |
| constipation | difficulty passing feces |
| coprophagia | ingestion of feces |
| diarrhea | loose, watery stool |
| emaciation | marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| emesis | vomiting |
| emetic | substance given to produce vomiting |
| etiolgy | study of cause of disease |
| foreign body | material which finds its way into organs and tissue |
| gastric dilatation | abnormal condition in which the stomach fills with air and expands |
| gastric dilatation volvulus | abnormal condition in which the stomach fills with air, expands, and them twists on itself; commonly known as bloat |
| gavage | forced feeding |
| hematochezia | bright, red, fresh blood from the rectum |
| hemorrhagic gastroenteritis | acute condition in dogs causing vomiting and bloody diarrhea *leading to dehydration, heart failure, and eventually death.* |
| idiopathic | when the cause of disease is neither known nor understood |
| ileus | failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines |
| inappetence | lack of appetite |
| incontinence | inability to control excretory functions |
| intussusception | telescoping of the intestines |
| jaundice | yellowish-orange coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive bilirubin in the blood |
| lethargy | condition of drowsiness or indifference |
| malabsorption | impaired absorption of nutrients in the duodenum |
| jaundice vs. icterus | in jaundice, the yellow color is on the skin and mucous membranes. in icterus, the yellow color is in the plasma of blood. |
| maldigestion | inability to digest food |
| malaise | a vague feeling of bodily discomfort |
| megaesophagus | enlargement of the esophagus |
| megacolon | enlargement of the colon |
| melena | black tarry stool; blood in stool |
| nasogastric intubation | placement of tube from the nose to the stomach |
| nausea | upset stomach and a tendency to vomit |
| obese | excessive fat accumulation in the body |
| obstipation | inability to elimination |
| obstruction | complete stoppage or impairment of passage |
| palpation | method of examining the internal body by touching and feeling |
| parenteral | route of administration other them oral |
| pica | eating or licking abnormal substances |
| pneumocolon | air in the colon |
| regurgitate | passive event in which swallowed food is returned to the oral cavity |
| scours | diarrhea in livestock |
| shunt | to bypass or divert |
| spasm | sudden, involuntary contraction |
| stasis | stopping; controlling |
| steatorrhea | fat in feces |
| stenosis | tightening, narrowing, or stricture |
| stoma | an incised opening that is kept open for drainage and other purposes |
| torsion | axial twist; twisting around the long axis of the gut |
| trichobezoar | hairball |
| ulcer | erosion of the skin and mucous membranes |
| ultrasound | diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue |
| volvulus | twisting on itself |
