| What is the body's link with the environment? | The nervous system |
| The neurologic system works in conjunction with the ________ _______ to maintain the body's homeostasis | Endocrine system |
| What are the two main structures of the nervous system? | Central and Peripheral |
| What is the central nervous system made up of? | The brain and spinal cord |
| Which system includes all the nerves that lie outside the CNS? | Peripheral nervous system |
| The peripheral nervous system contains which two divisions? | Somatic and Autonomic |
| The autonomic nervous system is is also called the ______________. | Involuntary nervous system |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are divisions of the __________ system. | Autonomic |
| What is the basic cell of the nervous system? | Neuron |
| The three structures of the neuron are the : | Cell body
Axon
Dendrites |
| Where is the nucleus of the neuron contained? | The cell body |
| All neurons are governed by which law? | The "all-or-none law" |
| What are the best known neurotransmitters? | Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin |
| A person with parkinson's disease has decreased _______ levels. | Dopamine |
| What are the two main cells of the nervous system? | Neurons
Neuroglia/glial |
| Which cells support and protect the neurons while producing cerebrospinal fluid? | Neuroglia/glial cells |
| What is the role of neurons? | Carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord |
| The cylindric extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the neuron body is the _____. | Axon |
| Which enzyme deactivates the acetylcholine once the message has been sent? | Cholinesterase |
| Which neurotransmitter induces sleep, affects sensory perception, controls temperature, and controls mood? | Serotonin |
| Dopamine affects primary _______ ________. | Motor function |
| What is norepinephrine responsible for? | Maintains arousal
Dreams
Regulation of mood |
| How do the nodes of Ranvier further increase the rate of transmission? | Because the impulse can jump from node to node |
| The _________ helps regenerate injured axons. | Neurilemma |
| Where does the regeneration of nerve cells occur? | Peripheral nervous system |
| Cells damaged in the CNS result in _______ ______. | Permanent damage |
| How much does the brain weigh? | 3 lbs |
| What are the four principal parts of the brain? | Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem |
| What does each hemisphere of the cerebrum control? | Movement on the opposite side of the body |
| What is the cerebral cortex composed of? | Gray matter |
| What is the largest part of the brain? | Cerebrum |
| What do basal nuclei control? | Automatic body movement
Posture |
| The diencephalon is also called the ________. | Interbrain |
| The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in the _________. | Diencephalon |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system are controlled by the _________. | Hypothalamus |
| Which part of the brain coordinates and smooths movement? | Cerebellum |
| The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are contained in the __________. | Brainstem |
| What are the two main functions of the spinal cord? | Conduct impulses to and from brain
Reflex actions |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12 pairs |
| How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems antagonistic? | Sympathetic accelerates an action
Parasympathetic slows an action |
| What is the earliest sign of increased ICP? | Decreased LOC |
| What are the two components of LOC? | Arousal (wakefulness)
Awareness |
| Awareness has 4 components: | 1. Orientation
2. Memory
3. Calculation
4. Fund of knowledge |
| What are the three parts of the Glasgow coma scale? | Eye opening
Verbal
Motor |
| What is a benefit of the FOUR score coma scale, which differs from the Glasgow coma scale? | Allows evaluation of intubated patients |
| List the four categories of the FOUR score coma scale? | Eye response
Brainstem reflexes
Motor response
Respiration |
| Where is the function of speech located in the brain for all right-handed people and most left-handed people? | Dominant hemisphere; left side of the brain |
| Inability to comprehend the spoken or written word is called: | Sensory/receptive aphasia |
| Inability to speak or write using symbols of speech is called: | Motor/expressive aphasia |
| Define global aphasia | Inability understand the spoken word or to speak |
| What is anomic aphasia? | Inability to name objects |
| What is dysarthria? | Difficult or poorly articulated speech |
| A lower motor lesion causes the muscles to be __________. | Flaccid |
| What kind of lesion might causes the muscled to become spastic? | Upper motor lesion |
| What is the complete loss of function called? | Paralysis |
| Define paresis: | Partial loss of function |
| The body's sense, based in internal stimuli of its own position and limb movements is called: | Proprioception |
| How many lymphocytes does CSF contain per milliliter? | 10 |
| Low levels of CSF may indicate an infection such as _____________. | Meningitis |
| How is the patient positioned during a lumbar puncture? | On side with knee and head flexed at acute angle |
| How should the patient lay after a lumbar puncture? | Flat in bed for several hours |
| What medication is usually not helpful in relieving a headache due to lumbar puncture? | Opioids |
| What is the diagnostic test of choice for many neurologic diseases? | MRI |
| What are the 3 classifications of a headache? | Vascular
Tension
Traction-inflammation |
| Migraines are 3 times more common in ________ | Women |
| What is the age of onset for migraines? | 10-45 years |
| Taking ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen more than 3 times a week for headaches can cause what? | Rebound headaches |
| What is the first line of therapy for moderate to severe headaches? | Triptans |
| What are triptans calssified as? | Selective serotonin receptor agonists |
| What kind of headache occurs daily for a period of time and then subsides? | Cluster headache |
| Which gender more commonly experiences cluster headaches? | Male |
| What is Horner's syndrome? | Small pupil or eyelid drooping on one side |
| What is a presenting sign of cluster headaches? | Horner's syndrome |
| What has been found to be a significant causes of cluster headaches? | Alcohol |
| Unbearable pain that does not respond to treatment is called __________ pain. | Intractable |
| _________ do not appear as helpful for neuropathic pain. | Opioids |
| Pain receptors are not _______ | Adaptable; they are specific to pain |
| What are late signs of increased ICP? | Rise in systolic pressure
Widening pulse pressure
Bradycardia
Abnormal respiration |
| What is diplopia? | Double vision |
| Late signs of increased ICP together are called: | Cushing's response |
| What kind of vomiting is present in a patient with increased ICP? | Unexpected vomiting; projectile and unaccompanied by nausea |
| What are two (easily detectable) objective signs of increased ICP? | Vomiting and hiccups (singultus) |
| Dilating pupils that do not respond to light are a sign of impending ________. | Herniation |
| What is the first most subtle clue to trouble regarding increased ICP? | Sluggish pupil response |
| What happens in papilledema? | The retina becomes compressed and cannot respond to light rays |
| Lumbar puncture is not performed in someone with _________. | Increased ICP |
| Why is a lumbar puncture not performed on a patient with increased ICP? | Sudden release of pressure in the skull can lead to pressure on the cardiac and respiratory centers |
| Regarding increased ICP, the goal is to maintain the PaO2 at ____ mm Hg | 100 |
| What is the first step in management of increased ICP? | Adequate oxygenation |
| What are the three types of medications administered to treat increased ICP? | Osmotic diuretics
Corticosteroids
Anticonvulsants |
| What is an example of an osmotic diuretic (hyperosmolar drug)? | Mannitol |
| Mannitol reduces increased ICP within ____ minutes and effects last ______ hours | Within 15 minutes, lasts 5-6 hours |
| What is the most common anticonvulsant drug administered to someone with increased ICP? | Phenytoin (Dilantin ) |
| What is the most common procedure to detect pathologic conditions of muscle? | EMG |
| What is the best position for paralyzed patients able to tolerate it? | Prone; place pillow under chest |
| How often is passive ROM indicated for all joints that the patient cannot move voluntarily? | At least 3 times a day |
| Organic brain damage causing a partial or total loss to recognize familiar objects or familiar people is called what? | Agnosia |
| What is the most important nursing intervention for a patient with sensory dysfunction? | Teach the patient protective measures |
| What is status epilepticus? | When full consciousness is not regained between seizures |
