| Independent clause | Represents a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. For example, in the sentence, “The teacher was happy because I did my homework,” “The teacher was happy” is an independent clause. |
| Dependent clause | Does not express a complete thought and could not stand alone as a complete sentence. For example, in the sentence, “The teacher was happy because I did my homework,” 'because I did my homework' is the dependent clause. |
| Because, but, and so are examples of: | Conjunctions |
| Conjunctions | A word used to connect clauses. |
| What does the conjunction 'because' do? | Explains why something is true. |
| What does the conjunction 'but' do? | Indicates a change of direction or change in opinion or idea. |
| What does the conjunction 'so' do? | Tells us what happens as a result of something else (cause and effect). |
| What is the subordinating conjunction in the following sentence: Hormones are constantly changing after puberty begins. | after |
| What is the dependent (subordinate) clause in the following sentence: Hormones are constantly changing after puberty begins. | after puberty begins |
| What is the dependent (subordinate) clause in the following sentence: After puberty begins, hormones are constantly changing. | After puberty begins, |
| If, even though, and although are examples of? | Subordinating conjunctions |
| Before, after, and when are examples of? | Subordinating conjunctions |
| What does FANBOYS stand for? | For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so |
| What are 'for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so'? | Coordinating conjunctions |
| If a sentence starts with a dependent (subordinate) clause, what must come immediately after it? | A comma must follow a dependent clause that starts a sentence. |
| What is an 'appositive'? | A second noun, or a phrase or clause equivalent to a noun, that is placed beside another noun to explain it more fully. For example:
Malmö, the third largest city in Sweden, is conveniently close to Copenhagen-->'the third largest city' is the appositive. |
