| What is the largest component of the body? | Water (50%-80%) |
| Why are older adults and obese populations at a greater risk for complications resulting from dehydration? | Reduced fluid reserve in the body |
| A 20% loss of fluid in an adult is ______. | Fatal |
| Where is more than half of an infant's body fluid found? | Extracellularly |
| What kind of fluid is lost more rapidly? | Extracellular |
| Which fluid compartment is larger? | Intracellular fluid compartment |
| Intracellular fluid makes up ___% of the body's fluid | 66% |
| What is the intracellular fluid composed of? | Fluid inside the cells
Solutes (dissolved particles) |
| What does extracellular fluid contain? | Fluid outside the cells
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Sodium
Calcium
Chloride
Bicarbonate |
| Where is interstitial fluid found? | Between the cells or in the tissues |
| List 3 examples of interstitial fluid: | Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid
Gastrointestinal secretions |
| What is intravascular fluid? | Plasma within the vessels; contains serum, protein, and other necessary substances |
| What is homeostasis? | Keeping body fluids in balance |
| What is the average adult fluid intake per day? | 2200-2700 mL/day |
| What should the daily oral intake of fluids be? | 1100-1400 mL/day |
| Solid foods contribute how much fluid per day? | 800-1000 mL/day |
| Fluid produced by from cellular metabolism provides _____mL/day | 300 mL/day |
| Where are osmoreceptors located? | Hypothalamus |
| What do osmoreceptors measure? | The concentration of the blood |
| When is the sensation of thirst present? | When the number of the solutes in the blood is higher than normal |
| What are the functioning units of the kidneys? | Nephrons |
| How much urine must the kidneys excrete to effectively eliminate waste products? | 30 mL/h |
| What is a simple and accurate way to determine water balance? | Weighing the patient under controlled conditions |
| Intravascular fluid makes up ___% of total body fluid | 7% |
| Passive transport processes do no require ____________. | Cellular energy |
| Active transport obtains its energy from ______. | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| Where is ATP produced? | In the mitochondria of cells from nutrients |
| Which are the primary processes of passive transport? | Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration |
| The natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration is called _________. | Diffusion |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Material combines with carriers to cross the cell membrane |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from lower concentration to higher concentration |
| Solutions that have higher concentrations of electrolytes than body fluids are considered _______. | Hypertonic |
| Solutions that have fewer electrolytes than body fluids are called ______. | Hypotonic |
| ________ solutions pull fluid from the cells. | Hypertonic |
| Which type of solution moves into the cells causing them to enlarge? | Hypotonic |
| When solutions reach equal concentration, they are said to be _________. | Isotonic |
| _______ solutions expand the body's fluid volume without causing a fluid shift | Isotonic |
| The transfer of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure is called ________. | Filtration |
| What is the force behind filtration? | Hydrostatic pressure |
| The process of moving molecules against pressure through a membrane with the use of carriers and energy from a cell is known as _______________. | Active transport |
| Active transport carriers are also called ______. | Pumps |
| What is an electroylte? | A substance that develops an electrical charge when it dissolves in water |
| What are ions? | Electrically charged particles |
| Ions with a positive charge are called ______. | Cations |
| Ions with a negative charge are called _______. | Anions |
| List four cations within the body: | Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg) |
| The anions found in the body are: | Chloride (Cl)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Sulfate (SO4)
Hydrogen phosphate |
| For a balance to exist among the electrolytes, what must be present for each positively charged cation? | Negatively charged anion |
| The measure of chemical activity of an ion is a _________. | Milliequivalent |
| Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte, and _______ is the primary intracellular electrolyte. | Potassium |
| What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body? | Sodium |
| What is the normal blood level of sodium? | 134-145 mEq/L |
| How many mEq of sodium is poured into the digestive system during a 24 hr period? | 1000 to 1300 mEq/L |
| What occurs when the sodium level in extracellular fluid drops to less than 135 mEq/L? | Hyponatremia |
| What is treatment for hyponatremia? | Sodium replacement
Water restrictions |
| Hypernatremia occurs when sodium is exceeds ____mEq/L | 145 mEq/L |
| What is the main function of potassium? | Regulation of water and electrolyte content within the cell |
| How much potassium is required each day to maintain normal blood serum level? | 65 mEq |
| Any condition that decreases urinary output also causes ____________. | Potassium retention |
| What happens when the body's potassium level is less than 3.5 mEq/L? | Hypokalemia |
| What is the major cause for potassium loss? | Renal excretion |
| Hyperkalemia occurs when the potassium level is greater than _____mEq/L | 5 mEq/L |
| What is the major cause of potassium excess? | Renal disease |
| Which level of potassium carries the risk of serious cardiac dysrhythmias? | 7 mEq/L or greater |
| Hyperkalemia is less common than hypokalemia, but is more ________ | Dangerous;
can cause cardiac arrest |
| What can be administered to the hyperkalemic patient that will bind with the potassium and remove it through the GI tract? | Kayexalate |
| What is the normal blood level of chloride? | 96-106 mEq/L |
| Symptoms of acidosis may indicate high ________ levels. | Chloride |
| What is one of the most important functions of calcium? | Enzyme activator for chemical reactions in the body |
| The normal ionized calcium level is ____ to _____. | 4.5mEq - 5.6mEq |
| What occurs when calcium levels fall below 4.5 mEq/L? | Hypocalcemia |
| Carpal spasms caused by hypocalcemia are also called ________. | Trousseau sign |
| Phosphorus makes up __% of a persons total body weight. | 1% |
| What kind of relationship does phosphorus have with calcium? | Inverse relationship |
| What are normal phosphorus values? | 2.4- 4.2 mEq/dl |
| What is the 4th most abundant mineral in the body? | Magnesium |
| What is the normal level of magnesium? | 1.5-2.5 mEq/dL |
| Which vitamins should be taken along with magnesium rich foods? | B-complex vitamins |
| The kidneys conserve magnesium by excreting _________. | Potassium |
| What may be necessary to remove excess amounts of magnesium from the blood? | Dialysis |
| What is the major function of bicarbonate (HCO3)? | Regulate acid-base balance |
| What is the normal bicarbonate (HCO3) level? | 22-24 mEq/L |
| A solution with a high number of hydrogen ions is an _______. | Acid |
| A solution with a low number of hydrogen ions is an ________. | Alkaline |
| 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is the ratio needed for ________. | Homeostasis |
| What are the 3 systems that keep the pH within its normal range? | Blood buffers
Respiratory system
Kidneys |
| Which is the most important blood buffering system? | Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system |
| Carbon dioxide becomes ________ when dissolved in water? | Carbonic acid |
| What is the body's second line of defense in regulating hydrogen ions (pH)? | Respiratory system (the lungs) |
| How do the kidneys help regulate pH? | By excreting acids or bases as needed |
| What is the slowest system in the body to balance pH? | The kidneys |
| In respiratory acidosis, how long may it take for compensation to occur by the renal system? | 24 hours or more |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused frequently by ________. | Hyperventilation, secondary to anxiety
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
CHF
Head trauma
Blood loss
Pneumonia |
| When does metabolic acidosis occur? | Gain of hydrogen ions, or loss of bicarbonate |
| List some causes of metabolic acidosis: | Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acid increase
Starvation
Diarrhea
Renal failure |
| When does metabolic alkalosis occur? | When acid is lost from the body, or bicarbonate level increases |
| Which gauge catheter should be used in an adult who is only receiving fluids? | 20, 21, 22 gauge |
| Which gauge catheter should be used when administering blood? | 18-22 gauge |
| The seepage of nonirritating solution or medication into tissue surrounding the vessel is called ________. | Infiltration |
| When inserting an IV, which angle of insertion should be used for an older adult? | 5 to 15 degrees |
