| Ideology (Traditional vs Contemporary) (DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION) | 1. Description of the existing political order.
2. A vision of what the ideal political order should be. What would be the desired future of a good society.
3. The means of how political change can and should be brought about. |
| Liberalism (FEATURES) (mention 4) | 1. Freedom from the state
2. Individualism which focuses on the individual prior before society
3. Equal opportunities.
4. Toleration is respect to other freedoms |
| Classical vs Social Liberalism (DEFINITION) | Classical liberalism believes in laissez-faire capitalism, there is a belief of a free market with minimal state interference. And a belief for maximal freedom for the individual. which are ideas of Adam Smith and John Lock.
Social liberalism, there is a more sympathetic attitude towards the state. The state must correct the inequalities produced by capitalism and intervene to promote equality of opportunity. |
| Classical vs Social Liberalism (EXAMPLE) | Classic Liberalism = John stuart Mill
Social Liberalism = Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal |
| Socialism (CONTEXT/DEFINITION) | The concept of socialism is a traditional ideology. It's an ideology that advocates for collectivism. It refers to any system in which production and distribution of goods and services is the shared responsibility of a group |
| Socialism (FEATURES) (mention 4) | 1. Belief in cooperation instead of competition.
2. Prefer collectivism over individualism.
3. Belief in the equality of outcome.
4. Public ownership over private ownership. |
| Socialism (EXAMPLE) / Revolutionary vs Reformist Socialism (EXAMPLE) | The soviet union was a socialist state. Revolutionary = Marxism and communism/Leninism.
Reformist = Social democracy |
| Marxism (DEFINITION/NOTION 3) | According to Marx, every society is divided into social classes. And in a capitalistic system, there are 2 classes, Bourgeoisie and the proletariat and that there would be class struggle. Eventually, capitalism is doomed and that it will lead to a revolution in which socialism and communism are destined to replace it |
| Marxism (EXAMPLE) | An example of Marxism's impact is the communist movement in the 20th century by the soviet union and Cuba for example. |
| Equality of Opportunities vs. Outcomes (EXAMPLE) | An example of equality of opportunity would be students who are in university and attend a lecture. You could argue to a certain extent that they have the same equal opportunity to attend the lecture. But if the classroom is 80% women and 20% men. Then there is no equality of outcome because equality of outcome refers in this example to an equal representation of men and women in this classroom. |
| Conservatism (CONTEXT/DEFINITION) | The concept conservatism is a political and traditional ideology. Conservatism is mainly based on traditions and therefore, resist or raises suspicion for any form of change in society. |
| Nation-State (CONTEXT) | The concept of a nation-state is a form of political organization and political ideal. It concept means that a nation has a shared culture and community bound together by citizenship and nationality |
| Nation-State (DEFINITION) | Furthermore, it refers to having a cultural homogenous state. However, the nation-state has never existed and would be extremely hard to attain. In a liberal view, most countries are considered a nation-state but from a Conservatism and nationalist approach, a nation-state would only be possible through ethnic cleansing. |
| Nation (DISTINCTION) | Within this concept, there are 2 distinctions made. A cultural nation and political nation. A cultural nation has a national identity that is rooted in cultural history and language. And a political nation is bound together by shared citizenship. |
| Conservatism (BELIEFS)(3) | Society is too complex and 1 must rely on tradition which is the collective wisdom. Beliefs in human imperfection. the collective wisdom is more valuable than abstract reasoning. And individuals are not equal, others can be more capable of governing and defend the existing power distribution. |
| Ideology (Traditional vs Contemporary) (CONTEXT) | The concept Ideology is an set of ideas that provide the basis for some kind of organized political action. |
| Ideology (Traditional vs Contemporary) (EXAMPLE) | Traditional ideologies are rooted in the enlightenment era such are liberalism, socialism, marxism.
Contemporary ideologies challenge the claim that one ideology can explain the social and political world and focus on differences among individuals and groups such as feminism, postmodernism. |
| Liberalism (CONTEXT/DEFINITION) | The concept, liberalism is a traditional ideology and the dominant political tradition in the west. Liberalism central theme is a commitment to the individual and the construction of society in which the individual can satisfy their interests |
| Liberalism (EXAMPLE) | Most western countries where democracy is established such as the USA and the Netherlands. |
| Classical vs Social Liberalism (CONTEXT) | Classical and social liberalism are strands of liberalism. |
| Individualism (CONTEXT) | Individualism is a traditional ideology which emerged in the 17th and 18th century as result of the development of the capitalistic societies. |
| Individualism (DEFINITION) | Its the belief of the importance of the individual over any social group or collective body. Furthermore, the individual should be protected against society and the state. |
| Individualism (2 STRANDS) | Methodological Individualism = the individual is central to any political theory or social explanation
Ethical individualism = society should be constructed to benefit the individual giving priority to rights, need or interest. |
| Individualism (EXAMPLE) | An example where we see the value of individualism would be in liberalism because it values the individual. Or when you pay for your own university tuition fee. |
| Freedom (CONTEXT/DEFINITION) | The concept of freedom or liberty is a supreme political value in Western Liberal Societies. In broadest sense freedom is the ability to think or act as one wishes. |
| Freedom (2 FORMS) | Negative refers to the absence of external constraint on the individual.
Positive refers to the achievement of some goal or benefit for personal development or self-realization. |
| Freedom (EXAMPLE) | Civil liberty and freedom of choice are negative liberties. |
| Revolutionary vs Reformist Socialism (CONTEXT) | Are 2 strands within socialism that try to achieve socialism. |
| Revolutionary vs Reformist Socialism (DEFINITION) | Revolutionary socialism states that their need to be a social revolution to bring order and structural changes in society from capitalism to socialism.
Reformist socialism states that socialism can be achieved by universal suffrage. |
| Marxism (CONTEXT) | Marxism is a traditional ideology. It is an ideology system within Socialism developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
| Equality of Opportunities vs. Outcomes (DEFINITION) | Equality of opportunity is more connected with liberalism and means that every person needs to have an equal starting point or equal life chances.
Equality of outcome is more connected with socialism and means to an equal distribution of rewards or other social constructs such as wealth or income. |
| Equality of Opportunities vs. Outcomes (EXAMPLE) | An example of equality of opportunity would be students who are in university and attend a lecture. You could argue to a certain extent that they have the same equal opportunity to attend the lecture. But if the classroom is 80% women and 20% men. Then there is no equality of outcome because equality of outcome refers in this example to an equal representation of men and women in this classroom. |
| Conservatism (EXAMPLE) | An example would be Jair Bolsonaro because he is a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage, homosexuality and abortion. |
| Nationalism (CONTEXT) | The concept nationalism is a traditional ideology which beliefs that the nation is the central principle of political organization. |
| Nationalism (DEFINITION) (mention 2 core assumptions) | Nationalism beliefs in the following core assumptions. The first one is that humankind is naturally divided into distinct nations, which refers to groups of people who have the same language, religion, history and tradition. The second one is that a nation is a political community and is the most appropriate unit of political rule. |
| Nationalism (EXAMPLE) | An example of nationalism would be China where they uphold their traditions and nationalistic values. |
| Nation-State (EXAMPLE) | Examples of nation-states would be the Netherlands, France and the UK |
| Nation (CONTEXT) | The concept of a nation is a stable community of people within a territory who are bound together by history, culture, economy, and language. |
| Nation (EXAMPLE) | The Netherlands who share a common language, religion and tradition. |
| Civic vs Ethnic Nationalism (DEFINITION) | The concept of civic nationalism beliefs in traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality and individual rights. And defend national identity.
The concept of ethnic nationalism beliefs that nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity. |
| Civic vs Ethnic Nationalism (EXAMPLE) | An example of Civic Nationalism would be France |
| Fascism (CONTEXT) | The concept of Fascism is a political traditional ideology that believes in a unified national community where the individual means little to nothing. |
| Fascism (DEFINITION) | The core values of Fascism is that the individual should dedicate his life to his nation or race. The values of rationalism, freedom and equality are overthrown for leadership, power and heroism. And there is complete obedience to a dictator. |
| Fascism (EXAMPLE) | An example would be Nazi Germany under Hitler of the glorification of the supreme race. |
