| What is the primary regulator of aldosterone? | The level of potassium in the plasma |
| What is the acceptable serum range for BUN? | 10-20 mg/dL |
| For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for how long? | 8 hours before sampling |
| If the BUN is elevated, preventative measures should be implemented to protect the patient from possible _______ or ________. | Disorientation or seizures |
| Unlike BUN, creatinine levels are affected little by ______, _______, or _________. | Dehydration, Malnutrition, or Hepatic Function |
| What are the acceptable serum creatinine range for men and women? | Men: 0.7-1.3
Women: 0.6 -1 |
| Creatinine is generated during ______ _______. | Muscle contraction |
| Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are normally higher in ________. | Older men |
| What is the normal range for PSA? | Less than 4 ng/mL |
| What is the acceptable serum range for BUN? | 10- 20 mg |
| For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for ______ | 8 hours before sampling |
| Creatinine is generated during _______ _______. | Muscle contraction |
| What is the normal range for PSA? | Less than 4 ng/mL |
| _______ men normally have higher levels of PSA. | Older men |
| What may be administered before an intravenous pyelography if the patient is allergic to iodine? | Corticosteroid or antihistamine; or alternatively ultrasonography |
| Pregnant nurses should refrain from caring for patients administered __________ substances. | Radioactive |
| Needle biopsy is also called _________. | Percutaneous biopsy |
| What are the two primary indications for the use of thiazide diuretics? | Systemic edema
Mild to moderate hypertension |
| What is anuria? | Urine output of less than 100 mL/day |
| What is the most potent group of diuretics? | Loop diuretics |
| List the side effects associated with rapid fluid loss: | Vertigo
Hypotension
Circulatory collapse |
| Which type of diuretic is effective for use in patients with impaired kidney function? | Loop diuretics |
| Where do thiazide diuretics act? | Distal convoluted tube |
| Where do loop diuretics act? | Ascending loop of Henle |
| Where do potassium-sparing diuretics act? | Distal convoluted tube |
| What are the two types of potassium-sparing diuretics? | 1. Aldosterone antagonists
2. Nonaldosterone antagonists |
| Which type of diuretic is primarily used to lower intraocular pressure? | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics |
| Which medication is used for patients with chronic, recurrent UTIs as a preventative measure? | Methenamine mandelate |
| What kind of diet helps to maintain a urine pH of 5.5? | Acid-ash diet |
| 1 French = a diameter of ____ mm. | 0.3 mm |
| What type of catheter is used if there is blood in the urine? | Whistle-tip catheter |
| Which type of catheter has multiple openings on its tip? | Robinson catheter |
| List acid-ash foods: | Meat
Whole grains
Eggs
Cheese
Cranberries
Prunes
Plums |
| List alkaline-ash foods: | Milk
Vegetables
Fruits |
| What is a Malecot, de Pezzer, or mushroom catheters used for? | To drain urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney |
| How often should a patient with a catheter be repositioned? | Every 1.5 hr |
| How often should catheter care be performed? | Twice daily as needed |
| When can a suprapubic catheter be removed? | When the residual urine is consistently less than 50mL |
| Where is clean technique acceptable for catheterization? | In the home |
| Out of the 20 million Americans with bladder incontinence, what percentage are women? | 85% |
| What is mixed incontinence? | A mixture of stress and urge incontinence |
| What is a pessary? | A device inserted into the vagina to support the bladder and reduce pressure from the uterus |
| The loss of voluntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention is called ________. | Neurogenic bladder |
| What causes spastic bladder? | An upper motor neuron lesion |
| What causes flaccid bladder? | A lower motor neuron lesion |
| What kind of medication aids in the bladder's contractility for a patient with neurogenic bladder? | Parasympathomimetic medication |
| What is the most common nosocomial infection? | Bacteriuria |
| Urethritis is classified by the presence or absence of _________. | Gonorrhea |
| What is cystitis? | Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder |
| What is the most common microorganism causing acute cystitis? | E. coli |
| Cystitis in men usually occurs ______ to another infection. | Secondary |
| Which urine test allows the patient to test the urine at home and call the HCP for a prescription? | Chemstrip 2 LN |
| Interstitial cystitis commonly affects women of which age? | 30- 40 years |
| Which disorder is thought to be caused by a breech in the bladder's protective mucosal lining? | Interstitial cystitis |
| What is the only oral medication approved by the FDA to treat interstitial cystitis? | Pentosan polysulfate sodium |
| Which foods and beverages are known to cause bladder irritation? | Aged cheese
Alcohol
Artificial sweeteners
Chocolate
Citrus juice
Onions
Soy
Caffeine
Tomatoes |
| Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis are often the same as ____. | UTI |
| How is a diagnosis of prostatitis confirmed? | Patient history and culture of prostatic fluid or tissue |
| How long are patients with chronic prostatitis given antibiotic therapy? | 4 to 16 weeks |
| What does the urinary system consist of? | Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
Urethra |
| Which kidney lies slightly lower than the other? | The right kidney |
| What is the primary substance secreted by the adrenal cortex? (adrenal glands) | Aldosterone |
| What is the strong layer of connective tissue that covers the kidney called? | Renal capsule |
| What lies directly below the renal capsule? | Renal cortex |
| How many renal tubules are contained within the renal cortex? | 1.2 million |
| What lies below the renal cortex? | The medulla |
| What does the medulla contain? | Pyramids |
| What do the narrow parts of the pyramids (papillae) do? | Empty urine into the calyces |
| What do calyces do? | Guide urine into the main part of the renal pelvis |
| The renal pelvis is an expansion of what? | The upper end of the ureter |
| What does a nephron resemble? | A microscopic funnel with a long stem and two convoluted sections |
| What is the process by which a nephron filters the blood? | 1. Controls body fluid levels
2. Regulates pH of blood
3. Removes toxic waste from blood |
| How many times per day is the body's entire volume of blood filtered through the kidneys? | 60 times |
| What are the two main structures of a nephron? | Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule |
| The renal corpuscle is a network of capillaries called ________. | Glomeruli |
| Glomeruli are held inside a cuplike structure called ________. | Bowman's capsule |
| After the cleansed blood reaches the renal veins, it flows into the ___________. | Inferior vena cava |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the function of each nephron, ______ and ________. | Systemic blood pressure and filtrate formation |
| Which cells contain renin and can sense blood pressure? | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| When systemic blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells release _______. | Renin |
| Which cells sense changes in solute concentration and flow rate of filtrate? | Macula densa cells |
| The release of renin activates the ____________ mechanism. | Renin-angiotensin |
| List the three phases of urine formation: | 1. Filtration- of water and blood products
2. Reabsorption- of water, glucose, ions
3. Secretion- of ions, nitrogenous waste products, and drugs |
| Where does filtration occur? | In the glomerulus of Bowman's capsule |
| Where does reabsorption occur? | Proximal convoluted tubes
Henle's loop
Distal convoluted tubes |
| Where does secretion primarily occur? | Distal convoluted tube |
| The posterior pituitary gland releases which hormone? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ADH causes the cells of the distal convoluted cells to _____________. | Increase rate of water absorption;
raises blood pressure to more normal level, causes urine to become concentrated |
| How many mL of urine does the body form each day? | 1000 to 2000 mL |
| Which vital sign drops when the body experiences fluid loss? | Blood pressure |
| Why is the urine yellow? | Because of urochrome; result of the destruction of hemoglobin |
| What is the urine's normal pH? | 4.6-8 |
| What is the urine's specific gravity? | 1.003 to 1.030 |
| What can albumin in the urine indicate? | Renal disease
Increased blood pressure
Toxicity from heavy metals |
| What can erythrocytes in the urine indicate? | Infection
Tumors
Renal disease
Kidney stone |
| When does ketoaciduria occur? | When too many fatty acids are oxidized |
| How much urine can the bladder hold? | 750-1000 mL |
| A moderately full bladder holds _____ mL | 450 mL |
| When the bladder contains ____mL, there is a conscious desire to urinate | 250 mL |
| Why do the kidney's filtering mechanisms lose part of their functioning capacity with age? | Because of decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons |
