____________ are usually numerous and branching | Dendrites |
A wave of depolarization and repolarization spreading along a cell membrane is called _______________. | An action potential |
About 75% of all parasympathetic fibers are in the _______ nerves | vagus |
Axons transmit action potentials: | Away from the cell body |
During the depolarization of a neuron | Sodium Na ions diffuse into the cell |
Epidural Hematomas are usually associated with skull fractures in what area of the head? | Temporal |
Hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membranes is caused | Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
Immediately after a neural action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? | potassium |
In the central nervous system, bundles of axons are known as ________. | tracts |
Motor programs -muscle memory- are sets of involuntary mucle activities that are controlled by which of the following nervous pathways? | extrapyramidal |
Neurotransmitters are used in: | Chemical synapses |
The _______ consists of efferent -motor- fibers leaving the cord | Ventral root |
The ______ system prepares the body for action, and is most active during stressful situations. | Sympathetic |
The ____consists of afferent -sensory- fibers that transmit information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord. | Dorsal root |
The choroids plexus produces | CSF |
The main branch of the sacral plexus is the _____ nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body. | sciatic |
The receptors for hearing are on the __________. | cochlear nerve |
The superior colliculus of the midbrain transmits information regarding which of the following? | Vision |
Two types of cells unique to the nervous system are _________. | Glial (neuroglia) ; neurons |
When the membrane potential neuron reaches -59 mV, which channels open? | voltage-gated sodium channels |
Which nervous system tract transmits information pertaining to perception of pain and temperature? | Lateral spinothalamic tracts |
Which structures does CSF drain into after it is done circulating through the nervous system? | arachnoid villus |
what are the 5 major types of Glia | Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells |
What Glia cells are found in the CNS | Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes |
What Glia cells are found in the PNS | Schwann cells |
CNS | Central Nervous system |
PNS | Peripheral Nervous system |
what 2 organs make up the CNS | Brain and spinal cord |
Afferent division consists of | all incoming sensory pathways |
Efferent division consists of | all outgoing motor pathways |
when scared with dilated pupils and increased HR, what system is responding | sympathetic nervous system |
The spinal cord ends around L1, what is the name of the end? | Conus medullaris |
where does the parasympathetic nervous system start? | Brainstem, craniosacral region |
what neurotransmitter is released to skeletal muscles to contract | Acetylcholine |
Impulses are sent over this tract for voluntary movement | Cortical spinal or pyramidal tracts |
What 3 cranial nerves are sensory only | Olfactory I, Optic II, Vestubulocochlear VIII |
What neurotransmitter is lacking in Parkinson's disease | Dopamine |
In sensory pathways the secondary neurons synapsis/terminate where ? | Thalamus |
Where do you find the dentate nuclei | Cerebellum |
What is the name of the sensory spinal ganglia? | Dorsal root ganglia |
A PT complains of numbness in the butt and posterior leg, what plexus is damaged? | Sacrococcygeal |
Where in the brain do you find the olives and pyramids | Medulla |
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there ? | 31 |
How many pairs of nerves are in the Cervical column ? | 8 |
How many pairs of nerves are in the Thoracic column | 12 |
How many pairs of nerves are in the Lumbar and sacral column | 5 |
How many pairs of nerves are in the coccygeal column | 1 |
The name of the time period where no new impulses can travel through | Absolute refractory period |
Infants will show Babinski sign up to what age | 18 months |
What neurotransmitters can be released to block pain | GABA, epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Meningitis is inflammation of what | Meninges |
The 3 parts of the brainstem are ? | medulla, pons, midbrain |
What in the cell membrane allows resting membrane potential ? | Sodium-potassium pumps |
After a serious accident, PT looses controls of balance and coordination, where could there be damage to the brain ? | Cerebellum |
What type of info does a mixed nerve carry | Sensory and motor |
What cranial nerve controls balance and coordination ? | VIII - Vastibulocochlear |
The excitatory neurotransmitters cause what effect on receptors? | Opens sodium channels |
What part of the vertebral column has more spinal nerves then it has vertebrae ? | Cervical |
What type of information is carried via the spinal thalamic tract? | Sensory |
What layer of the meninges adheres to the periosteum of the skull? | Dura mater |
Where do you find interneurons ? | Central nervous system |
If you cannot move your tongue, what cranial nerve is damaged ? | VII - hypoglossal |
What layer of the meninges attaches to both the spinal cord and the brain ? | Pia mater |
Name 3 parts along a neuron for entering to leaving | Dendrite, cell body (soma), akon |
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system? | Cardiac, smooth, adipose and glandular |
What two structures does the foramen magnum separate ? | Spinal cord and medulla |
What cells help to make CSF | Choroid plexus |
What is the number signifying resting membrane potential | -70 |
What is the emotional part of the brain? | Limbic system |
The filum terminally is made of what tissue? | Pia mater |
What type of conduction happens over myelinated neurons? | Saltatory |
What cells make myelin in the PNS | Schwann cells |
What are the three parts to synapse ? | Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft and synaptic membrane |
What cells myelin in CNS ? | Oligodendrocytes |
What gland in the brain helps to control the sleep/awake cycle? | Pineal gland |
What parts of the brain can produce hormones? | Hypothalamus, pineal and pituitary gland |
What cranial nerve has branches off both the spinal cord and the brainstem ? | VI accessory |
After brain damage, what glia cells help clean up and healing | Microglia |
What nerve plexus innervates lower shoulder and the entire arm ? | Brachial |
A swollen rash that develops on the skin when the immune system is weak? | Shingles |
major subdivisions of the nervous system ? | CNS & PNS |
What 2 organs make up the central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord |
what is neurilemma | outermost layer of nerve fiber made by schwann cells essential for nerve regrowth |
what are the 3 layers of connective tissues that hold the fibers of a nerve together | Endoneurium, perineurium , epineurium |
white mater | myelinated cells |
gray mater | unmyelinated cells + cell bodies |
how does depolarization of a membrane differ from hyperpolarization | depolar - higher than -70 Na into cell, hyper - lower than -70 K leaving cell |
What are gyri or folia ? | Bumps on surface |
what are sulci? | are grooves in brain |
Over how many neurons does somatic information usually pass ? | 3 |