| What is internal respiration? | Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level |
| What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx? | 1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx |
| Where are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) located? | Nasopharynx |
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | Oropharynx |
| The larynx is also called the: | Voice box |
| The pharynx and trachea are connected by the _____. | Larynx |
| What is the purpose of the epiglottis? | To protect the larynx when swallowing |
| The trachea is also called the: | Windpipe |
| What is the purpose of cilia in the trachea? | To sweep debris upward towards the nasal cavity |
| The trachea divides into the: | Right and left bronchi |
| Aspirated objects usually enter which bronchus? | Right bronchus |
| What are the most important feature of the respiratory system? | Alveoli |
| Describe the lungs: | Large, paired, spongy, cone-shaped |
| The serous membrane that covers the lungs is called: | Visceral pleura |
| The pleural cavity around the lungs contains what kind of pressure? | Negative |
| The air in the lungs is at ________ pressure. | Atmospheric |
| How much oxygen does room air contain when inhaled? | 21% |
| How much carbon dioxide and oxygen does exhaled air contain? | 16% oxygen, 3.5% carbon dioxide |
| What is the respiratory rate for a newborn? | 40 to 60 breaths/min |
| What is responsible for the basic rhythm and depth of respirations? | Pons and medulla oblongata |
| What do chemoreceptors do? | Modify respiratory rates
(when stimulated by increased levels of carbon dioxide, decrease blood oxygen, increased blood acidity) |
| What is the normal Ph of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| After exhalation, the blood becomes more ________. | Alkaline |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | Gas exchange at the alveolus-capillary level |
| the auscultation of lung field should be compared ________. | Bi-laterally |
| Abnormal breaths sounds are called ________. | Adventitious sounds |
| List some signs and symptoms of hypoxia: | Anxiety, restlessness
Disorientation
Vertigo
Pallor
Cyanosis |
| The abdomen and chest can be scanned by a helical CT in less than ___ seconds. | 30 |
| This type of CT obtains images continuously: | Helical |
| What is vital capacity? | The volume of air that can be exhaled completely and slowly after a maximum inhalation |
| What is used to determine how well oxygen diffusing from the alveoli is taken up by blood in the pulmonary capillary bed? | Carbon monoxide |
| When can a person eat after a bronchoscopy? | When the gag reflex returns; usually 2 hours |
| What does Pa02 represent? | The amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma
(expressed as millimeters of mercury) |
| What is the normal value for Pa02? | 80-100 mm Hg |
| What does Sa02 refer to? | The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin binding sites, compared to the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin could carry, expressed as a percentage |
| What is the normal range for Sa02 (saturation) | 95% |
| What must oxygen do before it can bind to hemoglobin (Sa02)? | Dissolve in the blood (Pa02) |
| What measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide? | PaCO2 |
| What is the normal value for PaCO2? | 35-45 mm HG |
| What do the lungs do during metabolic acidosis? | "Blow off" carbon dioxide to raise pH |
| What is the normal value for HCO3? | 21-28 mEq/L |
| How are ABG's obtained from the patient? | Heparinized needle withdraws 3-5 mL of arterial blood from radial artery |
| How are the gas and Ph levels preserved after an ABG specimen is taken? | Place capped syringe over crushed ice and water; send to lab immediately |
| What do the kidneys do during respiratory acidosis? | Retain HCO3 to increase pH |
| What do the kidneys do during respiratory alkalosis? | Excrete HCO3 to lower pH |
| What do the lungs do during metabolic alkalosis? | Retain carbon dioxide to lower pH |
| What is a continuous and noninvasive way to monitor Sa02? | Pulse oximetry |
| What are the desired percentages of Sa02? | 95%-100% |
| What is the amount of Sa02 needed to replenish tissues adequately? | 90%-100% |
| The ability of hemoglobin to feed oxygen to the tissues weakens significantly if the Sa02 drops below ___. | 85% |
| What is the underlying cause of epistaxis? | Congestion of nasal membranes leading to capillary rupture |
| Epistaxis occurs more often in which sex? | Men |
| Which vital sign should be obtained in a patient with epistaxis? | Blood pressure |
| Hypotension can be a late sign of _____. | Shock |
| When nasal packing for epistaxis, the cotton should be saturated with: | 1:1000 epinephrine |
| Prolonged sinus inflammation can lead to which type of nasal tissue growth? | Nasal polyps |
| What are stertorous respirations? | Harsh snoring sounds |
| Allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis are also known as: | Hay fever |
| Ocular manifestations of edema, photophobia, excessive tearing, blurred vision and pruritis are seen in: | Hay fever (allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis) |
| Otits media symptoms occur when: | Eustachian tubes are occluded |
| Which products might produce a "rebound" effect on those with allergic rhinitis? | Over the counter decongestants
(Robitussin, Actifed, Triaminic) |
| What is hypoapnea? | Abnormally shallow and slow respirations |
| What is the function of an nCPAP? | To maintain positive pressure in the airway during inspiration and expiration to prevent airway collapse. |
| Acute rhinitis (coryza) is also known as: | The common cold |
| Signs and symptoms of the common cold resolve within how many days? | 2-10 |
| What is the greatest cause of absenteeism in work and school? | The common cold (acute rhinitis, coryza) |
| Acute follicular tonsillitis is often caused by which bacteria? | Streptococci |
| Swallowing frequently can be a reliable indication of what? | Excessive bleeding |
| Why are hot liquids and foods avoided after a tonsillectomy? | They cause vasodilation, which leads to bleeding |
| Laryngitis occurs ______ to other respiratory infections. | Secondary |
| What is the most common type of throat inflammation? | Pharyngitis |
| Strep throat is a sever form of _______. | Pharyngitis |
| Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis usually resolve in how many days? | 4-6 |
| What is a simple way to diagnose sinusitis? | Transillumination |
| Infected sinuses appear ______ during transillumination. | Dark |
| L. pneumophilia thrives in what kind of environment? | Water reservoirs |
| L. pneumophilia is transmitted through ______ routs. | Airborne |
| The Legionella microbe can progress into which 2 forms? | 1. Influenza
2. Legionnaire's disease |
| Which disease can result in life-threatening pneumonia that causes lung consolidation and alveolar necrosis? | Legionnaire's disease |
| What kind of cough will a patient with legionnaire's disease have? | Nonproductive |
| What is administered intravenously early in legionnaire's disease? | Antibiotics; erythromycin |
| What is the mortality rate for patients with legionnaire's disease? | 1 out of 10 |
| What kind of virus causes SARS? | Coronavirus |
| How is SARS spread? | Close contact between people, via droplets in the air |
| An xray may appear normal in the early stages of _______. | SARS |
| Patients with suspected SARS are placed in what kind of isolation? | Respiratory isolation |
| When can a patient with SARS return to work? | 10 days after fever has resolved, and symptoms are improving or absent |
| 20% of patients with SARS need _______. | Intubation |
| What is the most common type of anthrax? | Cutaneous |
| What is the least common type of anthrax? | Gastrointestinal |
| What is the most deadly type of anthrax? | Inhalation |
| Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax resemble ________. | The common cold;
minus thin, clear nasal exudate |
| What is the treatment of choice for all three types of anthrax? | Ciprofloxacin |
| How long is the recommended course of antibiotics for a patient with anthrax? | 60 days |
| What is TB infection? | Mycobacteria in the tissue of a host who is free of signs and symptoms; antibodies against mycobacteria are present |
| How long is treatment for TB? | 6 to 9 months |
| Treatment for TB usually consists of a combination of how may drugs? | 4 drugs;
often include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide |
| What kind of isolation should a patient with TB be placed in? | AFB isolation precautions |
| AFB precautions include what kind of isolation room? | Negative air pressure; air flows into, rather than out of the room |
| What is pneumonia often caused by? | Aspiration of infected materials into the distal bronchioles and alveoli. |
