| what's considered Statistical Analysis in the research process? | N |
| what does Statistical methods mean? | they are mathematical formulas, models, and techniques that are used in statistical analysis of raw research data. |
| what's statistics? | -is used in data collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation.
-It guides researchers in research for proper characterization, summarization, presentation and interpretation of the result of research |
| what are the types of statistics in research and what's their definition? | -Descriptive statistics concern the development of certain indices from the raw data such as the mean or standard deviation.(Deals with how the values of a variable are distributed).
-Inferential statistics concern with the process of generalization and involves drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation. |
| what is Inferential Statistics concerned with? | 1. Estimation of population parameters
2. Testing of statistical hypotheses |
| what are the Types of Analysis? | -Correlation analysis studies the joint variation of two and more variables to determine whether and how much they are related to each other
-Causal analysis determines how one variable(s) affect changes in other variable(s) |
| how is a data set created? | Data may be compiled at the collection step, some times needs further compilation.
It can be machine read or manually entered.
The use of rows and columns on a spreadsheet is the most common technique. A row is given to each record or case and each column is given to a variable, allowing each cell contain the data for the case/variable. |
| what are the Statistical Measures? | 1.Central tendency or statistical averages
2.Dispersion
3.Asymmetry (skewness)
4.Relationship |
| what are Measures of Central Tendency? | Measures of central tendency (or statistical averages) estimate the point about which items have a tendency to cluster.
-Mean or arithmetic average (Mean=sum of all data points/number of data points)
-The median is found by ordering the set from lowest to highest and finding the exact middle. (Median ?=????? ?? ((?+1)/2)?ℎ ????)
-Mode (Z) is the most commonly or frequently occurring value in a series |
| what's Measures of Dispersion? | 1-Range is difference between the highest and lowest values of the extreme items in the series
2-Mean deviation is the average of difference of the values from some average of the series (e.g., mean deviation from mean, mean deviation from median)
3-Standard deviation is the square root of the average of squares of deviations from the arithmetic average |
| what's Measures of Asymmetry (Skewness)? | N |
| what's Relationship? | -Univariate analysis-analyses the qualities of one variable at a time. e.g students height in class
-Bivariate analysis-considers the properties of two variables in relation to each other. Inferences can be drawn from this type of analysis.e.g Ice cream sales in summer season.
-Multivariate analysis-looks at the relationship between more than two variables. Again inferences can be drawn from results.e.g A doctor has collected data on cholesterol |
| -what's Statistical significance? | -How likely it is that the sample results indicate the situation for the whole population?
-Are the results simply occasioned by chance or are they truly representative?
(ARE THEY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT?) |
| what are some of Statistical Tests (Used on numerical data)? | -T Test- to compare one or two groups.
-ANOVA- to compare three or more groups.
-Pearson test- to compare the association between variables.
STATISTICAL TESTS ARE USED TO MEASURE THE DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. |
| how to interpret Probability Values? | -The p values enable us to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
-p values between 0.05 and 1.0 indicate that the observed deviation will be obtained by chance alone 5 percent or more of the time. |
| what are some tools for statistics ? | 1-Excel.
2-SPSS
3-Graph pad. |
