| Define Endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery |
| A large pulsating mass may be the only identifiable factor what? | An aneurysm |
| Aneurysm formation is most commonly associated with what? | Atherosclerosis |
| Men aged 25-40 years of age who smoke are most commonly affected by which disorder? | Buerger's Disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) |
| What percentage of patients with Buerger's disease are women? | 40% |
| What part of the body does Buerger's disease usually affect? | Arteries and veins of the hands and feet |
| What is thrombophlebitis? | Inflammation of a vein in conjunction with formation of a thrombus |
| What are the common manifestations of an occluded vein? | Pain and edema |
| What is the easiest and most effective method to prevent deep vein thrombosis? | Early mobilization |
| Patients with deep vein thrombosis should avoid extended periods of what? | Inactivity |
| A DVT can dislodge and migrate to which organ? | The lungs |
| Which veins are most affected by varicose veins? | Saphenous veins |
| Venous stasis ulcers cause the skin to have an appearance of: | Leathery and dark pigmentation |
| Which pulse is present in venous stasis? | Pedal pulses |
| Management of venous stasis ulcers focuses on: | Healing and prevention of infection |
| What kind of ointment can break down necrotic tissue? | Enzyme ointment |
| What can be used to protect an ulcer? | An Unna's paste boot |
| What type of personality is most likely to develop cardiovascular symptoms? | Type D; chronic negative emotions, pessimistic, socially inhibited |
| Every drop in 10mm-hg in systolic blood pressure decreases cardiovascular episodes by what percentage? | 12% |
| What is a quick and noninvasive way to check for risk of peripheral artery disease? | ABI |
| Burger's disease only occurs in what kind of individual? | Smoker |
| What is Raynaud's disease caused by? | Intermittent arterial spasms |
| How is hypertension diagnosed? | Two or more elevated blood pressures taken on separate occasions |
| What is the function of the AV node? | To slow impulses, allowing atrium to contract and ventricle to fill |
| What are the normal ranges for ventricular ejection fraction (EF)? | 55%-70% |
| Which ejection fraction percentages indicate moderate heart failure? | 40%-55% (indicates damage) |
| Which ejection fraction percentages indicate moderate to severe heart failure? | Less than 40% |
| Thallium scanning can detect a "cold spot" which is: | Areas of inadequate perfusion |
| Which scan is considered noninvasive, and uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to take pictures as the heart beats? | MUGA Scan |
| Before a MUGA scan, ensure the patient has: | No food or drink for 6 hours prior; including tobacco and caffeine
Drink plenty of fluids to flush dye from system after scan |
| Homocysteine plays an important role in: | Blood clotting |
| Ten times more women die from which disease than from breast cancer? | Heart (cardiovascular) disease |
| What is borderline high total cholesterol? | 200-239 mg/dl |
| What is considered a high total cholesterol level? | 240mg/dl or higher |
| Myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease is most common in: | White middle-aged men |
| The liver produces which protein during periods of acute inflammation? | C-reactive protein |
| Active marijuana use doubles the risk of: | Stress cardiomyopathy |
| The purpose of Atropine is to: | Increase the heart rate |
| Name the atrioventricle valves: | Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid) |
| Which drugs are administered for stress tests if a patient is unable to exercise? | dypiridamole (Persantine) & adenosine (Adenocard) |
| Homocysteine promotes the progression of: | Atherosclerosis |
| Which drugs can be used to achieve cardioversion? | 1. Digitalis 2.Calcium channel blockers 3.Antidysrhythmics, and 4. Anticoagulants |
| What is the most common cause of angina pectoris? | Atheroslcerosis of coronary arteries |
| Which may be a more cost-effective procedure compared to CABG: | PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) |
| Myocardial infarction in women may be mistaken as what by health care providers? | Gallbladder disease or anxiety |
| A white blood cell count of ___ is associated with severe myocardial infarctions | A count of 12,000-15,000 |
| What is the most significant cause of acute myocarditis? | Coxackie virus type B |
| A skin characteristic of infective endocarditis is: | Petechiae |
| Automaticity refers to: | The heart's ability to contract in a rhythmic pattern |
| What is the first symptom of decreased arterial circulation? | Pain due to arterial insufficiency and ischemia |
| Decreased venous circulation can lead to: | Edema |
| When should pitting edema be measured? | At the same time everyday; preferably before patient ambulates |
| Morning headache in occipital area and blurred vision can indicate: | Hypertension |
| Name the 3 types of cardiomyopathy: | Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive |
| What is the most recent definition of heart failure? | A neurohormonal problem that progresses as a result of chronic release in the body of substances; catacholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) |
| Cardiac catheterization allows: | 1. Measurement of blood pressure within the heart
2. Assessment of blood and obtainment of samples |
| What is the normal homocysteine range? | 4-14 umol/L |
| C-reactive protein is an individual risk factor for: | Coronary artery disease |
