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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
awarding of legislative seats to political parties to reflect the proportion of the popular vote each party receives. EX. first candidate on a list get the first seat the party wins.	proportional representation
an electoral process in which candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected. Ex. a liberal	plurality representation
The democratic party is one of the two main parties emphases social equality, protecting the environment, and strengthening the social safety net through liberalism. EX Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren	Democratic party
The other of the two main political parties, also known as the GOP, supports lower taxes, free market capitalism, restrictions on immigration, increased military spending, ect, EX: Donald Trump, Joe Walsh	republican party
does what they feel is in the best interest in the group they represent	trustee role
Direct representation, acts on behalf of the people	delegate role
the President can veto laws, executive orders, nominate judges	presidential powers
Article 1- legislative branch Article 2 - executive branch Article 3 - judicial branch	Judical review Articles I-III
process by which political parties have become more internally consistent in ideology and more ideologically distant from one another; Example: in the US, the Republican party has become more conservative and the Democratic party more liberal	Polarization
powerful individual states rights and weak centralized federal government no federal system of laws, no central currency revised and replaced with the constitutional convention	Articles of Confederation
representative democracy characterized by popular sovereignty, liberty, and political equality	liberal democracy
elected officials limited powers majority roadblocks	republicanism
Agreement on state powers and equal representation under the United States Constitution Established: the House of Representatives (population based) and the senate (2 per state)	Great Compromise
Article 4, Section 1 Constitutional requirement that each state accepts the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state Delaware debt can not be escapes in New York	full faith and credit clause
Article 6 Clause 2 Federal government always supersedes the state	supremacy clause
General Distrust of establish government Tendency to opt for the party promoting direct representation of the people	Populism
Conflicts/ interactions between states are settled by the federal government	Horizontal federalism
Viewed as the traditional form of federalism in which the national government is seen as supreme within their constitutional sphere Example(s): The Constitution has granted the Federal government power over foreign policy, defense, monetary policy and the regulation of commerce between the States.	Vertical Federalism
Equal protection is under the 14th amendment. It means that all citizens have equal protection from discrimination and the laws by state and local governments. Guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protection Example(s): Same-sex marriage being legalized in 2015.	Equal Protection
Gross Domestic Product Amount of production within a country in one year Indicator of country's economic health	GDP
Proponents of the constitution during the ratification fight Example(s): Hamilton, Washington, Adams	Federalists
Anti-federalists were opponents of the Constitution during the fight for its ratification. Example(s): The orientation of people like Patrick Henry.	Anti-Federalists
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, also called the necessary and proper clause; gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities.	Elastic Clause
Markets produce inequality Nature of capitalism to cause unavoidable wealth stratifications Example: The major examples of social inequality include income gap, gender inequality, health care, and social class.	Inequality
Individuals has right of property The right to sell and trade personally owned property Markets are self sufficient Public markets are self-functioning driven by supply and demand Functions because of competition Buyers and sellers’ function through self interest	Capitalism
that all states shall give the same rights to any citizen no matter their race or gender. (The state is required to treat any citizen with the same laws) Example(s): Brown vs board of education	Equal Protection clause
Powers enjoyed by both the state and federal government Example(s): The ability to tax	concurrent powers
Depression is a severe and persistent drop in economic activity Example the great depression in 1929	Depression
The overprinting and devaluing of currency Example: The rise in gas prices	Inflation
Recorded through polling Example: The approval rating of the President.	Public Opinion
a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory Example(s): Republicanism	Ideology
Taking a small portion of population to act as representation of entirety	Sampling
Science of taking sample of population and make inference based on collected date Non-probability Biased representation of population Probability Representative sampling Accurate representation of population through sample	Polls
Purely randomized survey participants Probability sample	Simple random sample
Non-probability sampling of drawing from population that is easy to access EX: surveying people walking in and out of library	Convenience sample
Partisan sorting or geographic sorting is an effect in politics in which voters with specific viewpoints migrate to specific areas, becoming much more concentrated in them than in the wider electorate. Examples:Less conservative Democrats and less liberal Republicans	sorting
The political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, which holds that the federal government has a substantial role to play in providing economic justice and opportunity, regulating business in the public interest, overcoming racial discrimination, protecting abortion rights, and ensuring the equal treatment of gays and lesbians. Liberals typically believe that the government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that the government itself can pose a threat to liberty.	Liberalism
Conservatism is conservative the commitment to traditional values and ideas and not a big fan of change Prefer small government and more market solutions.	Conservatism
American core value Populism- distrust of centralized government individualism - one can gain advantage purely through hard work equality- all individuals are treated equally , equal opportunity and outcome	Core Values
The ideology that everyone has access to equal rights and opportunity	egalitarianism
Ideology that one can get ahead with hard work Political candidates make themselves as “regular and average” as possible to better relative to everyday americans	individualism
Exclusive and rivalry Personal property and finite amount (t-shirt)	private goods
exclusive and non-rivalry (gym membership or concert tickets)	club goods
Non-exclusive and rivalry Natural resources: rivers, forests Tragedy of the commons Public overconsumption and eventual exhaustion of natural resources due to lack of regulation	common pool resources
non-exclusive and non-rivalry -public park	public goods
Representatives selected in each of the states, their numbers based on each state’s total number of its senators and representatives; a majority of Electoral College votes elects the president.	electoral college
A trustee role model holds that representatives should act in the best interest of their constituents/or people even if the people are unaware of what's best for them. A delegate role model holds that representatives should mirror popular sentiment.	Edmund Burke’s Two Models of Representation.
Divided government is the control of the executive and legislative branches by different political parties.	Divided Government
Political ideology is a coherently organized set of beliefs about the fundamental nature of good society and the role that the government out to play in achieving it	political ideology
elected officials make decisions acting on behalf of the people	Representative democracy:
: all people directly participate in decisions, open assembly	Direct democracy
Autocracy describes all forms of government characterized by rule by a single person. Or by a group with total power.	autocracy
Representative democracy characterized by popular sovereignty, liberty, and political equality Representative democracy: Indirect democracy in which the people rule through elected representatives	liberal democracy
A political doctrine advocating limited government based on popular consent but protected against majority tyranny.	republicanism
The elastic clause is in Article 1 section 8. Gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities	elastic clause
Division of powers between national and state governments Ex: USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia	federalism
an unfunded mandate. Requirements imposed by the federal government on the states to perform certain actions, with not enough money provided to fulfill the requirements.	unfunded mandate
only able to be spent on predetermined way	categorical grants
looser and allocation of grant up to state choice	block grants
The process by which political parties have become more internally consistent in ideology and more ideologically distant from one another; in the U.S. the Republican party has become more conservative and the Democratic party more liberal.	polarization