| collection of stars | Constellation |
| measure of a stars brightness | magnitude |
| Mass - kilogram (kg)
Force - newton (N)
Energy - Joule (J)
Length - meter (m)
Time - second (sec) | Metric Units
-mass
-force
-energy
-length
-time |
| pico (p) 10^-12
nano (n) 10^-9
micro (u) 10^-6
milli (m) 10^-3
kilo (k) 10^3
Mega (M) 10^6
Giga (G) 10^9
Tera (T) 10^12 | degree of kilo meters |
| 140.000.000 km = 1.4 x 10^8 km | Scientific Notation |
| 1 year = 13.8 billion years | Cosmic Calendar |
| the point directly overhead | Zenith |
| the path of the sun | Ecliptic |
| 23.5 degrees | What is the degree difference from the ecliptic to the celestial equator? |
| The equator of the stars, if the stars were fixed on a dome | Celestial Equator |
| Summer - June 21
Winter - December 21
Vernal (Spring) - March 21
Autumnal (fall) - September 21 | When are the solstices? |
| eastward on the ecliptic | Direction Motion |
| westward on the ecliptic | Retrograde Motion |
| is similar to latitude, measured in degrees, zero at the equator, positive goes north to the north pole 90 degrees, south goes negative -90 degrees | Declination (dec) |
| similar to longitude, vernal equinox is zero, measured in hours | Right Ascension (R.A.) |
| Geoid | What is the actual shape of the earth? |
| The movement of the earths tilt, it takes 26,000 years to complete one wobble | What is precession? How long does one take? |
| The shadow of the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse, and the way ships disappear into the horizon | How do we know the earth is round? |
| Observed the suns shadows on the tropics, figured out what stadia is 12,000km | What did Eratosthenes do? |
| He was the first to make maps of the constellations | What did Ptolemy do? |
| Said the earth was a fixed point, unmoving | What did Aristotle do? |
| With earth in the center and the sun and other planets orbiting the earth | What is the geocentric model of the solar system? |
| proposed the heliocentric system, discovered epicycles, and said that mercury and venus were inferior planets | What did Copernicus do? |
| made extensive observations of the motions of the planets, observed the supernova of 1572 and reasoned that stars are not unchangable | What did Tycho do? |
| was Tycho's assistant, originated three laws of planetary motion, stole Tycho's work, studied mars | What did Kepler do? |
| The perfect solids | What was keplers reasoning for only 6 planets? |
| Planets move in ellipses, with the sun at one focus | What is Kepler's first law? |
| A point that has gravitational pull, like the sun | What is a focus? |
| the distance from one side of the orbit to the other, along the widest part | Major axis |
| the distance from one side of the orbit to the other, along the shortest part | Minor axis |
| half of the major axis | Semi-major axis |
| the distance from the center to a focus | what does c equal? |
| Astronomical Unit, length of the semi major axis of the earths orbit | What is an au? What is it's distance? |
| the point when the planet is furthest from the sun | perihelion |
| the point when the planet is closest to the sun | aphelion |
| The radius line from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, planets don't move at a constant speed | What is Kepler's second law? |
| everything follows this law, the galaxy and other plants | What follow Keplerian motion? |
| the square of the period is equal to the cube of the semi major axis, p^2=a^3, where p = the sideral period of the planet and a=the semimajor axis in au | What is Kepler's Third law? |
| tracking data for 10 years then using that to predict future data | Empirical model |
| launch so it arrives to the planet when the planet is there when the spacecraft arrives | Launch Window |
| he was the first to use a telescope for astronomical observations, originated concept of Galilean relativity, acceleration | What did Galileo do? |
| a property transmitted to an object by a mover (throwing arm) | What is Impetus? |
| The phases of Venus, the mountains and crater on the moon, sunspots, the four brightest satellites of Jupiter, the rings of saturn, neptune (even though he didn't know what it was) | What were Galileo's Telescope observations? |
| latin for cup | Crater |
| latin for sea, serenitatis and tranquilitatis are examples | mare/maria |
| pointing a telescope at the sun then projecting onto a wall | projection viewing |
| falling bodies move at the same speed regardless of mass, the 1604 supernova must be a star, Letter of Christina of Lorraine 1615, Dialogue Concerning the Two chief world Systems 1632 | What are Galileo's Heresies? |
| originated the three laws of motion, originated the law of universal gravitational, with leibniz invented calculus, invented the first reflecting telescope | What did Isaac Newton do? |
| mass is the amount of matter in an object, weight is the force exerted on that object | How are mass and weight different? |
| an object at rest tends to stay at rest. An object in motion moves at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by a force | What is newtons first law of motion? |
| 9.8 m/s^2 | Linear Acceleration |
| the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, F=m times a | Newton's Second Law of motion |
| for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction | Newton's third law of motion |
| the gravitational force between any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them | Law of Universal Gravitation |
| F=G((m sub 1 times m sub 2) / r^2) | What is the equation for law of universal gravitation? |
| 1781 by William Herschel | When was Uranus discovered? |
| 1846 by Gallileo | When was Neptune discovered? |
| 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh | When was Pluto discovered? |
