| ________ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859. | Charles Darwin |
| According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ________. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. | Domain-Specific |
| ________, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins. | RNA |
| Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called ________, in which tiny atoms attached themselves to the outside of a gene. | Methylation |
| For each genotype, a range of ________ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability. | Penotypes |
| Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's son | Inherited the recessive genes for blonde hair. |
| Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as | carriers |
| Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis? | physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics |
| ________ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability. | microencephaly |
| ________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. | Gene × environment (G × E) interaction |
| Which of the following statements is true about brain development? | Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. |
| According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________. | biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development |
| From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep? | B) Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues. |
| Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? | Chaz who is three months old |
| Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through | the unfolding of a genetic plan. |
| ________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control. | Reflexes |
| Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called | Organization |
| In the context of cognitive development, which of the following terms refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information? | attention |
| Child-directed speech is the | Unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies. |
| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is referred to as ________. | Habituation |
| Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development. Provide an example of each type of pattern. | Cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. Example : Infants see objects before they can control their, torso and they can use their hands long before they crawl or walk.
Proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Example : Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. |
| The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to | the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. |
| Which of the following statements is true of crying? | Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age. |
| Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile? | Social Smile |
| Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant? | Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops. |
| Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt. | autonomy |
| Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding? | a game of peek-a-boo |
| The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn. | 12, unpaid |
| The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that | the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care. |
| Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby. | Phase 1: From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
Phase 4: From 24 months on. Children become aware of other people’s feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions. |
| What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world? | ethnic origin and nutrition |
| ________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. | myelination |
| Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight? | Body-mass index |
| Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? | An absence of playground hazards |
| Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development | cannot yet perform reversible mental actions. |
| In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates | Centration |
| Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language? | Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge. |
| In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from | the individual to collaboration |
| Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means | repeating information after it has been presented. |
| ________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. | The Montessori approach |
| Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others. | Self-counscious |
| In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur? | 15-18 months of age |
| According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the | Superego |
| Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through | the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. |
| According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the | The Oedipus complex |
| A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n) | Authoritative |
| In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect? | allowing chronic truancy |
| Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as | acculturation |
| Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"? | Erikson |
| Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________. | prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control |
| Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving | reading ability. |
| Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability? | Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant. |
| From the following options, identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification. | emotional and behavioral disorders |
| The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that | all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education. |
| Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills? | Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children. |
| ________ involves knowing about knowing. | Metacognition |
| A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's | Intelligence Quotient |
| Who created the concept of intelligence quotient? | William Stern |
| Organic intellectual disability is caused by | a genetic disorder or brain damage. |
| Tabitha has a learning disability that involves a severe impairment in her ability to read and spell. She most likely has ________. | Dyslexia |
| In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to | compare themselves with others. |
| Children with high self-esteem typically | are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. |
| According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy? | It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. |
| Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called | industry versus inferiority. |
| Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? | learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis |
| Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on | decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying. |
| ________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. | Intimacy in friendships |
| Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as | mindset. |
| Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort. | Growth |
| Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? | G. Stanley Hall |
| Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt? | The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys. |
| In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century. | declined significantly |
| Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)? | contraceptive implants |
| Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have | Childhood Illness |
| In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence? | African American Males |
| According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins. | Formal Operational |
| The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility. | personal fable |
| Identify the theorist who suggested that adolescent egocentrism is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable." | David Elkind |
| What is the term for an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation? | Anorexia Nervosa |
| An individual's body image encompasses his or her | Physical Identity |
| Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________. | Identity Confusion |
| According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status? | the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment |
| James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives. | Crisis |
| Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) ________ identity. | bicultural |
| According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they | experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. |
| Rites of passage | provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world. |
| One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n) ________ parenting style. | Authoritative |
| What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity? | Committment |
| The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age. | 18-25 |
| Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college? | opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values |
| Most of us reach our peak physical performance | before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. |
| Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of | Hypertension |
| Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking? | Ten or more drinks in a row |
| Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has | AIDS |
| Condoms are less effective against the spread of | Herpes |
| According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds? | Concrete Operational thinking |
| According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ________ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us. | flow |
| Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with | secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood. |
| Individuals with an anxious attachment style | demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional. |
| According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage? | Intimacy vs. Isolation |
| Which of the following is another name for romantic love? | passionate love |
| According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ is physical and sexual attraction to another. | passion |
| According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of | passion, commitment, and intimacy. |
| One of the benefits of a good marriage is | Increased longevity |
| Identify a true statement about parenting. | Most parents learn parenting practices from their own parents. |
| Which theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love? | Robert J. Sternberg |
| Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by ________ and biological factors. | sociocultural |
| Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle age? | Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases. |
| Fluid Intelligence is the ability to: | reason abstractly. |
| ________ refers to the ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli. | Perceptual speed |
| Which of the following statements is true of spirituality? | Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have. |
| Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation is known as | Meaning-making coping |
| According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and | Spirituality |
| Name the theorist who referred to midlife as "the afternoon of life." | Carl Jung |
| Name the term that refers to the type of intelligence that consists of one's ability to reason abstractly. | Fluid Intelligence |
| What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Identify some of the risks associated with it? | Hormone replacement therapy declines the level of reproductive hormone production, it is used to decrease symptoms. However, there are risks such as: higher chances of developing breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease. |
| In Erikson's theory, ________ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation. | Generativity |
| In Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of | Immortality |
| Abdiel has three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved | Biological Generativity |
| According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood? | exploring the possibilities for adult living |
| What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition? | Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men. |
| Which of the following acts as the focus of stage theories trying to explain midlife? | individual variations in adult development |
| Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development? | They do not adequately address universals of adult personality development. |
| The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it | placed too much emphasis on change. |
| Over which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have the least control? | sex life |
| Amanda got divorced after 15 years of marriage. Ever since, she has been experiencing high levels of stress. To cope with stress, Amanda is most likely to | take prescription medication. |
| Which of the following statements about romantic love is true? | Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females. |
