| archipelago | a group or chain of islands |
| canal | long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation |
| canyon | deep and narrow valley with steep walls |
| cape | a strip of land projecting into a body of water |
| reservoir | lake used to store water for community use |
| plateau | an area of high, flat land |
| delta | flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth |
| reef | a submerged ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the water |
| plain | area of level land, usually at low elevation and often covered with grasses |
| peninsula | land surrounded by water on three sides |
| prime meridian | an imaginary line at 0 degrees longitude that circles the planet from north to south and divides the earth into western and eastern hemispheres. |
| oasis | a fertile area of land in a desert (where the water table approaches the surface) |
| glacier | a large ice mass that moves slowly down a mountain or over land |
| gulf | an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land |
| isthmus | a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas |
| strait | a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water |
| latitude | distance measured in degrees north and south of the equator. |
| equator | an imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude that circles the earth from east to west and divides the planet into northern and southern hemispheres. |
| longitude | distance measured in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. |
| landlocked | surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land |
| relative location | the position of a place in relation to another place |
| absolute location | the exact location of a place on Earth using degrees north or south of the equator and east or west of the prime meridian |
| rural | relating to farm areas and life in the country |
| urban | having to do with cities or towns |
| subsistence farming | farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced |
| tributary | small stream or river that flows into a larger river |
| sea | a body of salt water that is partly enclosed by land |
| migration | the movement of persons from one country or locality to another |
| push factors | negative conditions and perceptions that compel people to leave their homes and migrate to a new location |
| pull factors | positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locations from other areas |
| hemisphere | one half of the earth |
| compass rose | A tool on a map showing cardinal (N,E,S,W) directions |
| map key | an explanation of what the symbols on a map represent |
| cartography | the making of maps and charts |
| estuary | the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean |
| range | a series of hills or mountains |
| valley | area of low land between hills or mountains |
| topography | physical features of a region |
| wetland | A land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year. |
| indigenous | native to a certain area |
