| Regarding minerals:
___ is part of skeletal tissues, conducting nerve impulses, blood clotting, and plays an important role is the function of WBCs. | Calcium |
| Regarding minerals:
A decrease in blood calcium causes increased or decreased release of PTH? | Increased |
| What are the three actions of PTH? | 1. increase intestinal absorption of Ca
2. decrease renal loss
3. mobilization from bone
Remember, parathy keeps it high! |
| Regarding minerals:
Prolonged deficiency of this mineral is compensated for by increasing resorption from bone leading to osteoporosis. | Calcium |
| Regarding minerals:
Plays a VITAL role in nutrition and physiology! | Calcium |
| The ratio of Ca to P is usually 1:1 or 1:2 except in ___ where it is 13:1. | laying hens |
| True or false:
Excess of P increases intestinal resorption of Ca. | False, decreases. |
| Regarding minerals:
Deficiency results in Ricketts and osteomalacia, just like vitamin D deficiency. | Calcium |
| Not a question...
Excess calcium, hypercalcemia, results from hyperparathyroidism or cancer, not usually nutritional. It causes constipation, vomiting, reduced feed intake, and abberant calcium deposition | FACT! |
| True or false:
55% of all body calcium is ionized calcium, the usable form. | False, 99% is in bone, the other one percent is mostly in cell organelles, and the left over part of that 1% is 55% ionized calcium |
| Regarding minerals:
Of all essential dietary minerals for dairy cows, ___ presents the greatest risk for environmental contamination. Accurate and precise management is essential to optimize performance and minimize excretion. | Phosphorus |
| Regarding minerals:
___ has more known functions than any other mineral element. | Phosphorus |
| Regarding minerals:
80% of phosphorus is stored in ___. | bones and teeth |
| Regarding minerals:
Active absorption of these two minerals is mediated by vitamin D | Calcium and phosphorus |
| Regarding minerals:
Deficiency leads to pica which leads to botulism. | Phosphorus |
| Regarding minerals:
Deficiency of phosphorus results with too much ___. | Calcium |
| Regarding minerals:
In excess...
-increases bone resorption, hypocalcemia
-decreases Mg absorption | Phosphorus |
| Regarding minerals:
Deficiency results in Pica, dehydration, and intense craving for salt but is an unusual deficiency. | Sodium (Na) |
| Regarding minerals:
In excess causes hypertension, reduced feed intake, neurological signs. BUT it is really difficult to feed excess if water is available. | Sodium (Na) |
| Regarding minerals:
Principle anion in ECF | Chloride |
| Regarding minerals:
Modest dietary excess of ___ plays an important role in calcium metabolism of dairy cows during transition from a dry period to lactation. | Potassium (K) |
| Regarding minerals:
This mineral alters neuromuscular function.
-Def: reduced ATP production, tatty, seizures
-Excess: RARE, large capacity to excrete in urine | Magnesium |
| Regarding minerals:
Regulated 3 prime and 4 prime structures of some AA. These AA containing this mineral are essential to all kinds of mammalian life. | Sulfur |
| Regarding minerals:
Deficiency of this mineral is often associated with protein deficiency. However, this is the opposite for ruminants. Ruminants get a protein deficiency because of this mineral deficiency. | Sulfur |
| True or false:
Excess of sulfur is rare, but high rumen sulfur can kill rumen microbes casing rumen acidosis which causes thiamine deficiency. | True |
| What are these minerals categorized as...
Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, and iodine. | Trace minerals |
| Name the toxic metals.
*Note: they are usually present in trace amount in animal foods. | Aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury |
| Fermented crop. | Silage |
| Plants used for feeding livestock are termed ___. | Forages |
| Grasses, legumes, forms, and browse are all ___. | Herbage |
| Have the ability to fix nitrogen
a. grasses
b. legumes
c. forbs
d. browse | b. |
| True or false:
Older plants are more digestible and more palatable. | False, younger plants are because they only have a one layer cell wall |
| What are the three main components of a plant cell wall? | Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose |
| Regarding dry matter intake:
As the % of NDF, aka fiber, increases.. animals consume more/less? | less |
| DMI, dry matter intake, can be estimated by 120/ %___...? | % NDF |
| If the NDF value of forage is 40% what is the DMI (dry matter intake)? | 124/40%= 3% of body weight |
| Relative feed values increases when an animal consumes more/less and is able to utilize it better/less efficiently. | More/ better |
| How do you calculate relative feed value? | RFV= (%DDM x %DMI) / 1.29
DDM= digestible dry matter
DMI= dry matter intake |
| Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages:
Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower crude protein value than bloomed alfalfa. | Higher |
| Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages:
Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower NDF value than bloomed alfalfa. | Lower |
| Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages:
Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower RFV value than bloomed alfalfa. | Higher |
| True or false:
As alfalfa ages, RFV goes up considerably. | False, down considerably. |
| True or false:
Hay, as a nutrient, is much higher quality than straw. | True |
| ___ is a dried field crop. | Hay |
| Wheat is harvested, the dried plant remaining after harvest is ___. | Straw |
| Fermenting a crop, instead of drying, under anaerobic conditions. | Silage |
| What is the most common silage? | Corn |
| True or false:
Increasing the % physically effective NDF (peNDF) increases the pH how? | more chewing of the chud (rumination) adds more buffers to the rumen and basically prevent from becoming too acidic and killing rumen bacteria. |
| The major reason for feeding cereals and grains is the high ___ content. | Starch |
| Most ___ fed are deficient in lysine and methionine. | grains |
| True or false:
When making flour we want the bran which is highly digestible and contains lots of carbs. | False, endosperm! Bran is the shell, mostly cellulose which is not that digestible. |
| True or false:
Processed grains are more digestible, the more fine the grain the more digestible. | False, if too fine the grain becomes less digestible |
| Animal fats can be fed to ruminants provided that no ___ are included! | Proteins |
| What are fats and oils used in animal feeding? | Intended to add energy. Fats have about 4 times as much energy than carbs or proteins and they help to absorb fat soluble vitamins. |
| Protein supplements, like oilseed meals, are high in crude protein; around ___%. | 40% |
| Animal byproducts are a health hazard and strictly regulated because...? | health hazard-- prion disease! |
| True or false:
Cu and Mo are examples of minerals that affect the absorption or function of others. | True |
| What is the ratio of P to Ca normally?
What is it in laying hens? | 1:1 or 2:1
1:13
REMEMBER: he can ask with phosphorus first and calcium second! |
| Deficiency of this mineral results in milk fever. | Calcium |
| Piglets raised inside are normally given injections of what? | Iron (Fe) |
| Deficiency is this mineral results in break in wool in sheep, and in excess is fatal to sheep. Sheep are the most sensitive to excess of this mineral. | Copper (Cu) |
| What mineral is present in many feeds but deficient in corn? | Manganese (Mn) |
| Ruminants need this mineral to make vit. B12. | Cobalt |
| Excess of this mineral results in goiter because it interferes with iodine uptake. | Cobalt |
| In excess, this mineral causes copper deficiency. | Mo |
| A deficiency of this mineral results in white muscle disease and in excess is toxic. | Selenium (Se) |
| Within narrow lines, selenium acts with this vitamin and one can compensate for another. | Vit. E |
| In both deficiency and excess of this mineral we see hypothyroidism. | Iodine (I) |
| Deficiency of this mineral results in red insulin sensitivity. | Chromium (Cr) |
| True or false:
In some circumstances toxic minerals in specified amounts are very good for animal bodies. | FALSEEEE |
| Order most to least digestible:
Starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, sugar, lignin | Sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin |
| True or false:
NDF is more digestible than cell content. | False |
| ___ are nonwoody plants. | Forbs |
| ___ are woody plants. | Browse |
| ___ grass is cool season while ___ and switchgrass and warm season grasses. | Timothy; Bermuda |
| True or false:
Hay is high in cellulose and lignin which is less digestible than straw | False, straw is high in cellulose and lignin and is normally used for bedding while hay is more digestible and is used to feed animals! DON' FORGET IT! |
| True or false:
Both straw and hay start as field crops but hay is cut before the plant goes to seed and straw is what's left over after harvest and is dried. | True |
| Most grains fed are deficient in lysine and ___. | methionine |
| What is used as nonprotein Nitrogen and why? | Feed grade urea.
It is 46% N which is a crude protein value of 287%.
It tastes bitter and is potentially toxic if not given in very small amounts! |
| Remember:
Chicken production and egg production is in the south/southeast and turkey production is in the ___. | central US |
| Feeding is what fraction of operation costs? | 2/3 |
| When feeding poultry..
Grain, mostly corn, is 50-___% of total ration.
Oats and barley have a limit of incorporation of ___-___%.
Fats have a limit of incorporation of ___-___% because of the possibility of rancid feed in hot weather.
Fats in that small amount increase palatability and decrease dustiness. | 80
10-15
5-10 |
| When feeding poultry, higher energy rations MUST have a ___ nutrient concentration.
When feeding lower energy rations nutrient concentration must be ___.
Why? | Higher; lower
Because chickens only eat to meet their energy requirements. |
| True or false:
Young animals can have pelleted foods at farmers discretion. | False |
| True or false:
Baby chicks require more water than adult hens. | FALSE- that makes no sense think of the size difference *TA said this was a question before* |
| FIB about laying hens:
0-6 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein.
6-14 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein.
14-20 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein.
20+ wks are fed ___ ration which is ___ % protein. | starter; 18-20
grower; 15
developer;12
laying;14.5 |
| In laying hens, salt is usually increased/decreased to avoid the occurrence of wet droppings. | decreased |
| True or false:
Calcium intake is important for proper egg shell formation. Regular amount is 3.4 g/day until 40 weeks and then ___ g/day is required. | 3.8 |
| True or false:
Antibiotics now require a veterinary prescription. | True |
| For laying hens, ___ is the first limiting AA and should be supplemented. | methionine |
| Regarding broilers, what statement is false:
a. all in all out system
b. protein concentration is much higher then laying hens from the start
c. food schedule is starter to grower to finisher
d. brought in at 1 day old and out at 8-9 weeks | d. is incorrect because its 6-7 wks |
| Regarding turkeys, which statement is false: (pick 2)
A. turkey posts get stressed very easily
B. separated by sex
C. Toms have a higher protein requirement
D. Females are grown later then males because of their small size
E. Started ration is 20% protein | D. toms are grown later than females
E. 28% |
| In calcium deficiency dogs and cows both experience milk fever but differently, how so? | Cows- flaccid
Dog- tetany |
| True or false:
Calcium excess in common and due to excess in feedstuffs. | False, calcium excess is almost never nutritional and regularly associated with hyperparathyroidism or cancer. |
| True or false:
Phosphorus deficiency can results from too much calcium in the diet (hypercalcemia). | True |
| True or false:
Low rumen sulfur causes rumen acidosis and thiamine deficiency in ruminants. | False, high! |
