| What animal requires Vit. A (retinol) in a preformed state and why? | Cats-- they cannot make it from beta carotene |
| Cats have a high requirement for ___ and a critical requirement for ___. | Taurine; arginine |
| Cats are poor at utilizing carbs, so how do they meet blood glucose requirements? | Gluconeogenesis rather than simple absorption |
| What are the 6 main nutrients and what is the most important of them all? | Carbs, protein, fats/lipids, water, minerals, & vitamins; WATER |
| When talking about the components of dry matter, what is included in the organic and what is included in the inorganic? | Organic- carbs, lipids, proteins and peptides, AA, NA, OA, vitamins
Inorganic- essential macromolecules, micro-molecules, and non essential minerals |
| Tell me about the proper way to express protein concentration (or any concentration). | Express protein concentration as a percentage of dry matter rather than a percentage of food "as fed" (meaning including the water content of the food). |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart:
What is present in the ether extract? | Everything fatty dissolved in ether extract.
ex. triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, waxes, essential oils, carotenes, fat-soluble vitamins |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart:
What is present in the ash? | Minerals |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart:
What is present in the Nitrogen free extract (NFE)? | *Thinks plant materials*
ex. sugar, starch, glycogen, pectins, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin (last three are crude fiber)
Note: water-soluble vitamins end up here |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart:
What is present in the crude protein? | Proteins and peptides, amino acids and amines, purines and pyrimidines, nucleic acid, NH4 and urea |
| What is the reasoning behind calling crude protein, crude? | It is called crude protein simply because it is an estimate.
That estimate is based on the assumption that protein is 16.2% nitrogen and that most nitrogen in food comes from protein.. using that assumption we get
EQ: CP = N x 6.25 |
| Regarding plant material:
Extraction with a neutral detergent fiber gives us... | lignin, cellulose, and hemi cellulose |
| Regarding plant material:
Extraction with an acid detergent fiber following the NDF gives us.. | lignin and cellulose |
| What component of plant material is the MOST digestible? | Hemicellulose (think H = high) |
| What component of plant material is the least digestible? | Lignin (think L = low) |
| T or F:
ADF is less digestible than a NDF | True, acid detergent fiber is less digestible than neutral detergent fiber. |
| Define balanced nutrition. | Balanced nutrition is meeting all the requirements without having excess. |
| Regarding body water content:
95% of a(n)____ is water. | Embryo |
| Regarding body water content:
75-80% of a(n)____is water. | Neonate |
| Regarding body water content:
45-50% of a(n)___is water. | Pig at market weight |
| What happens at 5% dehydration? | loss of appetite |
| What happens at 7% dehydration? | metabolic disorders? |
| What happens at 10-20% dehydration? | Death :( |
| How many monosaccharides make up..(respectively)
1. oligosaccharide
2. monosaccharide
3. polysaccharides
4. disaccharides | 1. 3-10
2. 1
3. >10
4. 2 |
| What serves as a primary source of energy for animals? | Carbs, carbs, carbs!!! |
| ___ contains ____ times the energy of carbs per gram. | Fats; 2.25 |
| Fill in the missing term! | Fecal energy (FE) |
| Fill in the missing term! | Net energy (NE) |
| Net energy (NE) is first used to meet an animals ___. | Maintenance energy |
| Regarding energy, what is the most readily available form of energy? | Carbs, carbs carbs.. again!! |
| Can protein be a source of energy? | Yes, but not the most efficient source. Carbs and then fat first. |
| Which vitamins are water soluble? | Vit. B's and C |
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? | ADEK! All dogs eat cats |
| What makes up a triglyceride? | Glycerol and three, usually different, fatty acids. |
| Cis or trans:
More oily, softer, less dense, think pigs. | Cis |
| Cis or trans:
firm, dense, compact, think cow. | Trans |
| Cis or trans:
Bonds bend the molecule. | Cis |
| Cis or trans:
Bonds do not bend the molecule, it remains straight in its regular pattern. | Trans |
| Tell me about nomenclature rules when numbering a fatty acid. | Starting from the carboxylic acid end is delta.
Starting from the CH3 end is omega. |
| What are the three volatile fatty acids (short chain fatty acids) that are essential to ruminants? | Acetic, propionic, and butyric |
| One of the most common fatty acids in ruminant fat, important for mediating metabolic syndrome. | Palmitic |
| What are the three essential fatty acids that are necessary for metabolism and that animals are incapable of synthesizing them? Short or long chain fatty acids? | Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic; long chain fatty acids |
| What do you know about melamine? | It is 66% N and was once used to maliciously kill dogs. :( TOXIC to animals! |
| Regarding vitamins:
Common name is retinol. | Vit. A |
| Regarding vitamins:
Plays a critical role in vision. | Vit. A/ retinol |
| Cats require this vitamin to be in preformed state in their diets because of their inability to convert beta-carotene. | Vit. A |
| Regarding vitamins:
Deficiency associated with night blindness. | Vit. A |
| Regarding vitamins:
Plays a critical role in maintenance of epithelial tissues (eyes, lips, mouth, reproductive tract). | Vit. A |
| Regarding fatty acids:
-sustained JNK activation
-insulin resistance
-mediates obesity induced inflammation
-important in transition cows | Palmitic Acid |
| True or False:
There is no protein or AA storage provision, so AA must be present in the diet. | True |
| What does proteinogenic mean? | protein creating |
| This non-proteinogenic AA is present in animals but only as free AA | Taurine |
| Taurine can be produces from cytosine in most animals with the exception of___. | Cats; cats lack the enzyme necessary and must obtain it from the diet directly. |
| Patient is a cat:
Symptoms: cardiomyopathy, blindness, and infertility.
Diagnosis: ??? | Taurine deficiency!! |
| What are the 10 essential AA? | PVT TIM HALL |
| How do we measure biological value of protein? | Nitrogen balance as the ratio of N retained to apparently absorbed N.
BV= N intake - (N fecal + N urinary) / N intake - N fecal |
| Explain what biological value of protein is? | Ability of a specific dietary protein to supply AA in the relative amounts required for protein synthesis by body tissues. |
| If there is no nitrogen loss in urine, the biological value of dietary protein is___. | 100% (refer to equation) |
| Milks and eggs have a ___ biological value of protein while things that are hard to digest have a ___ value. | High; low |
| Regarding vitamins:
Most animals can synthesize ___ with sunlight but dogs, cats, and llamas can't. | Vit. D |
| Regarding vitamins:
Deficiency results in Ricketts (young) or osteomalacia (adults). | Vit. D |
| Regarding vitamins:
Excess of ___ results in kidney damage and hypercalcemia. | Vit. D |
| Common name for Vitamin E | Tocopherol |
| What are the two potent antioxidants? | Vit. C and Vit. E |
| Regarding vitamins:
Deficiency results in anemia, hepatic damage, and white muscle disease. | Vit. E (tocopherol) |
| Regarding vitamins:
In excess,___ becomes a free radical and becomes toxic. | Vit. E |
| Regarding vitamins:
Deficiency results in hemorrhagic disorders. | Vit. K
Note: Koagulation |
| Regarding vitamins:
___ is an oxidant in excess and can cause erythrocyte instability, hemolysis, and potentially fatal anemia. | Vit. K
Note: Koagulation |
| What is the common name for Vit. B1 | Thiamine |
| Regarding vitamins:
___ in abundant in nuts and whole grains; deficiency of it causes beriberi and progressive neurological disorders. | Vit. B1 (thiamine) |
| Regarding vitamins:
In cats fed solely raw fish diets we see a deficiency of ___. | Vit. B1 |
| Regarding vitamins:
This deficiency is common in younger ruminants when they have a sudden change of diet which changes the pH in their rumen which kills the bacteria that produce it. | Thiamine (B1) |
| Regarding vitamins:
This is excreted via bile not urine. | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| What is the common name for Vit. B12 | Cobalmin |
| Regarding vitamins:
Absorption of ___ is complicated and required intrinsic factor. | Vit. B12 |
| Regarding vitamins:
___ function in the synthesis of succinyl-CoA and is critical for the inclusion of propionate into the krebbs cycle. (impt. for ruminants) | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| Regarding vitamins:
Deficiency results in impaired methionine synthesis, impaired DNA synthesis, and impaired formation of RBC's. Neurological signs are also possible. | Cobalmin (Vit. B12) |
| Regarding vitamins:
Important to supplement to pregnant animals to guard against an improper closure of the neural tube during fetal development. | Folate (Vit. B9) |
| What is another name for Folate? | Vit. B9 |
| What is the common name for Vit. B9? | Folate |
| Soluble carbs serve as____ while insoluble carbs serve as____. | energy sources; structural support |
| Net energy is first used to meet maintenance requirements and then any surplus deposited in body tissues or products (milk, eggs, etc) is defined as ___. | Retained energy |
| Plants do not have this vitamin. | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| Regarding vitamins:
___ is synthesized from glucose in the liver of most mammals (dogs, cats, pigs, and ruminants)
It is synthesized in the liver and kidneys of birds.
Primates, guinea pigs, fish, and some birds cannot synthesize it. | Vit. C (ascorbic acid) |
| Regarding vitamins:
Important in collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, synthesis of bile acid, and steriodogensis in the adrenal gland. | Ascorbic acid (vit. C) |
| Regarding vitamins:
___ deficiency is rare in domestic animals, except ___ and results in scurvy, CT abnormalities, bleeding, soft swollen gums, loose teeth, and poor wound healing. | Vit. C (ascorbic acid); guinea pigs |
| Regarding vitamins:
-stored in the body, won't run out quickly
-water soluble, tightly bound to proteins
-impt. in the synthesis of cholesterol
-DEFICIENCY SIGN: curled toe paralysis in chickens; lesions of mouth in humans | Riboflavin (vit. B2) |
| Regarding vitamins:
-Component of NAD and NADP
-DEFICIENCY SIGN: Pigs- dermatitis, enteritis, anorexia | Niacin (vit. B3) |
| Regarding vitamins:
-Deficiency has been reported in pigs and poultry
-DEFICIENCY SIGN: altered gait, poor growth, dermatitis | Pantothenic acid (vit. B5) |
| Regarding vitamins:
DEFICIENCY SIGN: hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, and secondary neurological signs, iameniam cardiovascular dysfunction | Pyridoxine (vit. B6) |
| Regarding vitamins:
-think feet, claws, hooves
-DEFICIENCY SIGN: hoof lesions, dry scaly skin | Biotin |
| Regarding vitamins:
-required for nutrition
-not regarded as vitamins because require in larger amounts then most vitamins
-ex. choline, carnitine, moo-inositol | Quasi-vitamins |
| True or false:
For most minerals regarded as essential, detrimental effects on animals can be demonstrated from feeding excess. | True |
| What are the 4 essential but potentially toxic minerals? | Flourine, selenium, molybdenum, and copper |
| What are the three minerals that are always considered toxic? | Lead, mercury, and cadmium |
| True or false:
Minerals are synthesized and degraded be animals and microbes. | FALSE |
| Macro or micro minerals:
Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, S, Mg | Macro |
| True or false:
Microminerals are also called trace minerals. | True |
| True or false:
Some minerals affect absorption and function of others. | True |
| Which is not a function of minerals..
1. Structural component
2. Maintenance of electric charge, acid base balance, osmotic pressure
3. Modulators of transport and excitability
4. Used is large amounts enhance growth
5. Cofactors of enzymes | 4. |
