Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.

What is Visual Communication?

The transmission of information and ideas using symbols and images.

What are the Characteristics of Language according to (Fromkin and Rodman, 2003)?

1 Wherever Humans exist, language exists. 2 All languages change through time (Dynamic) 3 All grammars contain rules for the formation of words and sentences of a similar kind. 4 Similar grammatical catergories (e.g. noun, verb, etc.) are found in all languages. 5 Any normal child, born anywhere in the world, of any racial, geographical, social, or economic heritage, is capable of learning any language to which s/he is exposed to.

What is the basic definition of Communication?

Is an exchange of ideas and information.

What are the types of Communication?

1 Verbal 2 Non-verbal 3 Written

What is verbal communication?

Occurs when we engage in speaking with others.

What is Non-verbal communication?

Includes facial expressions, posture, eye contact, hand movements, and touch.

What is Written communication?

Means information that is written in form.

What is Visual communication?

Is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information.

What is Listening communication?

Is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process; An active process of getting information, ideas.

What is the most common form of verbal communication?

Conversation

What are the types of Conversation? (Angel, 2016)

1 Dialogue 2 Debate 3 Discourse 4 Diatribe

Is a cooperative, two-way conversation. The goal is for participants to exchange information and build relationships with one another.

Dialogue

Is a competitive, two-way conversation. The goal is to win an argument or convince someone, such as the other participant or third-party observers.

Debate

Is a cooperative, one-way conversation. The goal is to deliver information from the speaker to the listeners.

Discourse

Is a competitive, one-way conversation. The goal is to express emotions, browbeat those that disagree with you, and/or inspire those that share the same perspective.

Diatribe

What are the other forms of Communication?

1 Intrapersonal 2 Interpersonal 3 Public 4 Visual 5 Mass 6 Computer-Mediated

What is Intrapersonal Communication? (Mclean, 2005)

Communicating with oneself.

What is Interpersonal Communication?

Exchange of ideas between two or more people.

What is Public Communication?

The delivery of a message to a particular group of people.

What is Mass Communication?

A process in which a person, group of people, or an organization sends a message through television, radio, print media, and social media to a large group of anonymous and heterogeneous people and organizations.

What is Computer-Mediated Communication or CMC? (Walters, 1995)

The use of an application computer to control multimedia interactive and message-based communication

What are the different types of Communication Models?

Shannon and Weaver Communication Model, Berlo's SMCR Communication Model, Schramm Communication Model, Transactional Communication Model

What type of communication model is in the picture?

Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

What type of communication model is in the picture?

Schramm Communication Model

What type of communication model is in the picture?

Berlo's SMCR Communication Model

What type of communication model is in the picture?

Transactional Communication Model

This model is said to be the first major model for communication. The model was designed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949 mirroring radio and telephone technologies. This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they found factors which affects the communication process called “Noise”. The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode. It is linear.

Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

This model is an expansion of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication. This model describes four components of communication; describes different components that form the basic process of communication. This model separated Shannon and Weaver's linear model into clear parts.

Berlo's SMCR Communication Model

This model was designed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 which describes communication along different major dimensions. It outlines what types of things are communicated (message), by whom (sender), in which form (form), through which medium (channel), and to whom (receiver). In this model, encoding and decoding are two most important factors of an effective communication without which information can never flow between two individuals.

Schramm Communication Model

The model was proposed by Barlund in 2008, and it posits that how the individual communicates determines the way the message will be interpreted. this model suggests that both the sender and the receiver have their own personal filters when they send or receive messages. These filters may include factors like gender, age, culture, and value system, among many others, which may alter the intended meaning of the message. This model is the most general model of communication. This model is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. Both sender and receiver are known as communicators and their role reverses each time in the communication process as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time.

Transactional Model

What are the Elements of the Communication Process?

1 Sender 2 Receiver 3 Message 4 Channel 5 Feedback 6 Interference / Noise 7 Situation / Context

Is the source of the message, the one who encodes the message.

Sender

Is the recipient of the message from the sender.

Receiver

Is the body of information that is sent by the sender to the receiver.

Message

Is what connects the sender to the receiver.

Channel

Is the response of the receiver to the sender.

Feedback

Is what impedes the communication process.

Interference/Noise

What are the types of Interference?

1 Internal 2 External 3 Semantic

Psychological or physiological noise within the communicator.

Internal Interference

Noise in the form of sights and sounds.

External Interference

Language barrier between the communicators.

Semantic Interference

“The more you see, the more you know.”

Aldous Huxley

Are believed to be a primitive form of communication that were etched or drawn on cave walls and ceilings

Cave paintings

These are images carved on rocks believed to have been originated by the Neolithic people some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

Petroglyphs

These are drawings or designs on the ground produced by arranging gravel, stones, or soil.

Geoglyphs

Give one example of a Petroglyph

Meerkatze

Give one example of a Cave painting

Painting in Chauvet Cave

Give one example of Geoglyph

The Nazca lines

Are images that represent physical objects. They were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC and began to develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC.

Pictograms

A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it

Ideograms

Written or pictorial symbol intended to represent a whole word

Logograms

Invented by the Sumerians, one of the world’s earliest systems of writing. The writing system employed signs to represent numbers, things, words, and the sounds of words.

Cuneiform

It contained a combination of logographic, alphabetic, and ideographic elements used by the Ancient Egyptians.

Hieroglyphics

Is now one of the most common forms of transmitting ideas and information.

Visual Communication

Analyze how people make meaning out of images and symbols, and how those images and symbols are analyzed and interpreted investigation into how meaning is created and how meaning is communicated.

Semiotics

What are the Major Perspectives in Analyzing Visual Images?

1 Personal Perspective 2 Historical Perspective 3 Technical Perspective 4 Ethical Perspective 5 Cultural Perspective 6 Critical Perspective

This view posits that the analysis of an image depends on the individual’s thoughts and values and the way he or she looks at things using his or her own personal lens.

Personal Perspective

This perspective refers to the determination of the importance of the work based on the medium’s timeline.

Historical Perspective

This perspective takes into account how different media convey messages differently based on the platform used.

Technical Perspective

This perspective considers the moral and ethical responsibilities shared by the artist or the producer of the image, the subject, and the viewer.

Ethical Perspective

This perspective brings to the fore the idea that all cultures use symbols to communicate meanings within groups.

Cultural Perspective

This perspective allows the audience to look at the larger issues associated with the image, meaning, the issues transcend the image and shape a reasoned personal reaction.

Critical Perspective

What is Neutral Language Register?

Is not necessarily formal or informal is used to deliver facts ex. reviews articles some letters technical writing

What is Neutral Language Register?

Is not necessarily formal or informal is used to deliver facts ex. reviews articles some letters technical writing

What is a variety?

Refers to any variant of language which can be sufficiently delimited from one another. xSocial xHistorical xSpatial x Or a combination of these

What is Neutral Language Register?

Is not necessarily formal or informal is used to deliver facts ex. reviews articles some letters technical writing

What are the Varieties of Language?

1 Pidgin 2 Creole 3 Regional Dialect 4 Minority Dialect 5 Indigenized Varieties

What is Pidgin?

Is a new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language. A "lexifier" is a particular language where the vocabulary of a pidgin comes from. ex. Nigerian Pidgin, Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu)

What is Creole?

Is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and the mother tongue of a community. ex. Gullah, Patwa (Jamaican Creole), Pidgin (Hawai'l Creole English)

What is Regional Dialect?

Is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. ex. Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA) Geordie (from the Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK)

What is Minority Dialect?

Is a variety of used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. ex. African American Vernacular English in the USA London Jamaican in Britain Aboriginal English in Australia

What is Indigenized Variety?

Are spoken mainly as a second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations. ex. Singlish (spoken in Singapore)

What is a register? According to Nordquist (2018)

Defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances determined by factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience determine the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in one's writing and even in one's oral discourse.

What are the 5 distinct registers?

1 Frozen 2 Formal 3 Consultative 4 Casual 5 Intimate

What is frozen?

It refers to historic language or communciation that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer. ex. Holy Bible, The United States Constitution, The Bhagavad Gita, and Romeo and Juliet

What is Formal?

Is used in professional, academic, or legal settigns where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used and contractions are rare. ex. a TED Talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and Gray's Anatomy by Henry Gray

What is Consultative?

Is used in a conversation when they are speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles), but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly. ex. the local TV news broadcast an annual physical examination a service provider like a plumber

What is Casual?

Is used when they are with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers , and family. ex. a birthday party a backyard BBQ

What is Intimate?

Is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private. ex. an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear.

What are the Language Registers Classification?

1 Formal Language Register 2 Informal Language Register 3 Neutral Language Register

What is Formal Language Register?

Is a more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or stranger is impersonal, meaning, it is not written for a specific person and without emotion ex. business letter letter of complaint some essays reports official speeches announcements professional e-mails

What is Informal Language Register?

Is a conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well ex. personal emails phone texts short notes friendly letters most blogs diaries and journals

What is Neutral Language Register?

Is not necessarily formal or informal is used to deliver facts ex. reviews articles some letters technical writing

Spoken Language: Varieties and Registers

We all speak differently in different situations.

What are the Five Language Registers?

1 Static Register / Frozen Register 2 Formal Register 3 Consultative Register 4 Casual Register 5 Intimate Register

Guess the Register: The Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, and Philippine Constitution.

Static Register / Frozen Register

Guess the Register: sermons, speeches, and pronouncements made by judges.

Formal Register

Guess the Register: communications between a superior and a subordinate, doctor & patient, lawyer & client.

Consultative Register

Guess the Register: chats, blogs, and letters to friends.

Casual Register

Guess the Register: husband & wife, siblings, and parent.

Intimate Register

Is the level and style of your writing. It should be appropriate to the situation you are in.

Language register

What are the types of Language Registers?

Formal and Informal

Examples of Formal Texts

•scholarly papers: research reports, review articles, critical essays • professional writing: reports; proposals; memos; essays, articles, and instructions for a lay audience; letters to the editor; editorials; brochures; critiques & reviews • academic papers: term papers, seminar papers, essay exams