Science Term 1 2021 Year 10 - DNA
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Science Term 1 2021 Year 10 - DNA - Marcador
Science Term 1 2021 Year 10 - DNA - Detalles
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| Who was Gregor Mendel/What did he do? | He was the man of science, planted plants and obserced their growth. Father of genetics because he gave us the fundamental teachings of genetics. |
| What is one core principle Mendel discovered? | Principle of Independent Assortment - Inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another |
| What are genetics? | The study of traits passed on from previous ancestors or parent to offspring. |
| What determines a trait? | Genes, which are on the chromosomes. |
| Where is DNA everywhere EXCEPT? | Red blood cells |
| DNA is the... | Blueprint of life, the code different to every individual. |
| What do Base pairs do? | They pair to create code. |
| What are Pyrimidines? | They are the base pairs of Cytosine and Thymine |
| What are Purines? | They are the base pairs of Guanine and Adenine |
| DNA is directional, what does this mean? | It means each strand of a DNA molecule run next to eachother, but in opposite directions. |
| A gene is... | A segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
| What are amino acids? | Tiny chemicals that are in different shapes and go together in a variety of builds. In short, the building block of life. |
| What is the sequence of creation of life? | DNA creates RNA which tells a Ribosome how to create a protein, and protein creates life. |
| What do the three letters of RNA do? | Tell the ribosome what combination to create for a specific protein, |
| What does the Ribosome do after reading 3 letters of RNA? | It sucks amino acids from the surrounding and puts them together to build the protein. |
| Where does the RNA go after leaving the nucleus? | Into a particle - the Ribosome, which reads RNA 3 letters at a time. |
| How does DNA interact with the cytoplasm? | RNA creates a partial copy of the DNA which are only one strand, this makes them small enough to slip through the pores of the nucleus. |
| Where do Amino Acids live? | Inside the cytoplasm |
| What do amino acids go together to create? | A variety of proteins, e.g. proteins to make tissue/organs. |
| What is an Allele? | Variations of genes |
| What does a punnet square represent? | The possible outcomes of different phenotypes represented through genotype alphabets. |
| What are genotypes? | The types of genes represented in alphabets |
| What is a Phenotype? | They are physical traits eg. colour of hair |
| How many chromosomes come from each parent? | 23 from dad, 23 from mum. |
| What is a homologous pair? | The pair in which chromosomes come |
| What is the leading strand and lagging strand? | There is one strand in which DNA Polymerase can replicate faster, that is called the "leading strand", the other is called the "lagging strand" because it is slower. |
| What is an Okazaki fragment? | They are the fragments left on the lagging strand from DNA polymerase starting and ending in fragments. Ligase has to fill them with a glue to complete the strand. |
| What direction can DNA Polymerase travel? | Only from 5' prime to 3'prime direction. |
| What do SSB proteins do? | Bind the DNA strands to maintain their separation during the replication process. |
| What is the role of Ligase? | To fill any gaps on the "Lagging strand" so that the DNA strand is complete. |
| What is the role of Primase? | To create a primer for the DNA Polymerase to know where to begin/end. |
| What is the role of Helicase? | To "unzip" the DNA and break the Hydrogen bond. |
| What are the key enzymes in the replication of DNA? | DNA Polymerase, Helicase, Primase and Ligase |
| When does the DNA get replicated? | During Interphase |
| What type of cell carries the DNA in its body? | Prokaryotes Cells |
| What type of cell carries the DNA in its nucleus? | Eukaryotes Cell |
| Why is DNA replication essential? | It is necessary for the creation of new cells so they may create more cells in the future. |
| What is the rold of DNA Polymerase? | To replicate the DNA molecules and build a new strand. |
| What is round 2 of meiosis known as? | The division stage |
| What is one of the most important parts in Prophase 1 | "crossing over" aka the sharing of genes on chromosomes |
| What is round 1 of meiosis known as? | The Eventful stage |
| Meiosis occurs over... | Two cell divisions |
| What is the process of meiosis? | The creation of sperm in males and eggs in females. (production of gametes) |
| What are the phases of mitosis? | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis |
| What happens in the "Interphase" | This is the cell recognising that it needs to split, chromosomes appear as chromatin threads, dna replicates and by the end of interphase chromosomes will have split into chromatins. |
| What happens in Prophase? | Preparation of splitting, nucleus breaks up and chromatids are ready to go. Protein spindles form. |
| What happens in Metaphase? | Chromosomes beging migrating to the equator of the cell, and spindles attach to the centromere of each chromosome |
| What happens in Anaphase? | Chromatids seperate and are pulled to the poles of the cell by spindles. |
| What happens in telophase? | Chromatids reach poles and become chromosomes, a nuclear membrane is formed around each bundle of chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil reverting to chromatin thread. |
| What happens in Cytokinesis | The finalisation - the splitting of the cytoplasm ect. |
| What are chromosomes? | Compact DNA in a cell. |
| How do chromosomes duplicate? | They duplicate to form two chromatids, but they are still recognised as one single chromosome until they split. |