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Atoms are the smallest building blocks of life.

Atom

Protons neutrons and electrons.

What are the three components of an atom?

Protons contain positive charge while electrons contain negitve charge. *Neutrons are nuetral meaning they have no charge.

Which two components within an atom are positivly and negitivly charged?

The positive charge from the protons is evened out by the negitive charge from the electrons. (There's an even number of protons and electrons.)

Why is it that an atom may not be (positivly/negitivly) charged?

An ion is when an atom either gains or loses a number of electrons.

What is an ion?

The act of an atom losing a number of electrons and becoming positivly charged.

Caiton

The act of an atom gaining a number of electrons and becoming negitivly charged.

Anion

The number of a protons within an atom.

Atomic number

The amount of electrons plus neutrons within an atom.

Mass number

You subtract the Atomic number (Protons) from the Mass number (Protons+Neutrons). *Since the Mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons subtracting the Atomic Number which is the number of protons from the Mass number will leave you with the neutrons. Mass number - Atomic number = Amount of Neutrons

How do you calculate the amount of neutrons within an atom?

118

How many elements are there in the periodic table?

Left side

What side of the periodic table are metals?

Right side

What side of the periodic table are non-metals?

Inbetween the metals and non-metals

What side of the periodic table are metalloids?

Metals- A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable or ductile. (*An example of a metal is iron.) Non-metals- A nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks the characteristics of a metal. Physically, a nonmetal tends to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density. A nonmetal is typically brittle when solid and usually has poor thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. (*An example of a non-metal is Oxygen.) Metalloids- A metalloid is an element that has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can also be called semimetals. (*An example of metalloids is Silicon.)

Define metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Solid/Hard (Most metals are solid/hard at room temperature) Ductile (Can be bent and streched into wires) Mallable (Can be hammered/squashed into new shapes) Electrical/Thermal conductors (They pass both heat and electricity through them)

What are the characteristics of metals?

The combination of two or more metals, to increase the qualitie of a metals original state.

Alloy

Brittle Little or no lustrou/shine Low melting and boiling points Poor electrical/thermal conductors

Define the characteristics of non-metals.

Graphite Diamond Amorphous carbon (Can be found in things such as burnt toast/marshmellows, charcoal, and coal.)

The allotropes of carbon.

Most metalloids contain the charteristics of non-metals but can some times contain a characteristic of metals which is conducting electricity/heat. (*Note that this is only possible under the right conditions.)

Define the characterisitics of metalloids.

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+). An example of this is the hydrochloric (Hydrogen and chloride) acid in your stomach .

Acid

Corrosive (Can burn) Sour taste (An example of this is vinegar) Turn blue litums paper red Can react with some metals by releasing hydrogen gas and leaving behind gas. Conduct electricity Can be neutralised by bases, this means acid can be made 'safe' by converting it into water and salt.

Describe the characteristics of acids.

Examples can be: Nitric acid (HN03) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Hydrochloric acid (HCI) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

Give at least four examples of acids.

The strength of an acid depends on how many hydrogen ions are released. An acid is considered strong if most of its molecules release hydrogen ions into a solution.

What does the strength of an acid depend on?

A base is a subtance that releases Hydroxide ions (HO-). (*Note Hydroxide is a polyatomic formula, which contains a negativly charged hydrogen atom meaning it's become an anion after it gained electrons.)

Bases

An akali is what a base is called after it becomes dissolvable in water.

Akali

Corrosive (They can burn) Feel soapy or slimy (An example of this is soap) Turn red litums paper blue, opposite to acids Bitter taste Conduct electricity Are neutarlised by acids, after producing water and salt

Describe at least five characteristics of bases.

The strength of a base depends on the amount of Hydroxide ions (HO-) it can produce.

What does the strength of a base depend on?

The concentration and amount of Hydrogen (H+) atoms within a solution.

Any solution with a pH value between zero to seven is considered acidic, whereas a pH value between seven to fourteen is a base.

Explain the difference between an acidic and base solution within a pH level chart?

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